Habitat

Figure 2 . Well-drained, gravel or shale areas in subarctic and low-arctic regions (Sutton and Parmelee 1955). Also sand dunes, sand and gravel shorelines in coastal areas of British Columbia (Cooper and Miller 1997); sand dunes in n. Saskatchewan (Smith 1996); high, rocky beaches in Quebec (Gauthier and Aubry 1996); inland on heath-lichen tundra in Manitoba and Quebec. In n. Ontario on and near Hudson and James Bay coasts, sand and gravel bars in rivers, shorelines, and tundra, including sparsely vegetated raised beach ridges with sand, gravel, and dry peaty ground (Hussell 1987). In Newfoundland, beaches and grassy borders of rivers and ponds (Peters and Burleigh 1951). In Churchill, Manitoba, inland nests in gravel areas surrounded by willow (Salix) and birch (Betula) species, tall tamarack (Larix), and sedges (Cyperaceae). Coastal nests, along Hudson Bay, on raised beaches, sparsely vegetated with willow, birch, and sedges; dry tundra (Sullivan Blanken 1996, Sullivan Blanken and Nol 1998). In Alaska (Prudhoe Bay), 1 nest on top of building, 2 nests inside large building; also beachfronts and gravel runways (R. Lanctot pers. comm.). In Mackenzie Delta, Northwest Territories, nests on gravel pads constructed for oil and gas reserves (Gratto-Trevor 1996).

Mudflats, salt marshes with mussel beds, low-energy beach areas lacking surface film of water (Recher 1966, Burger et al. 1979, Pfister et al. 1992). Artificial fish ponds in Arkansas (Smith et al. 1991). Muddy sections on shores of Lake Ontario (Weir and Cooke 1976), agricultural fields with ground cover <10 cm (Rottenborn 1996), tidal mudflats, inner and outer beach areas (Burger et al. 1979, Dodd and Colwell 1996), exposed sandy beaches (Paulson 1993), interior shores of sloughs, alkaline ponds, sandy flats on riverbanks, flooded fields, sewage lagoons (Skagen et al. 1998), flooded freshwater impoundments (Wilds 1990), beaches with water less than or equal to tarsus length, or dry, unflooded substrates (Alexander and Gratto-Trevor 1997). Less commonly, rocky beaches (Campbell et al. 1990).

Similar to migration habitat. Coastal areas, sandy and muddy beaches, mudflats, lagoons, salt ponds, estuaries, lakes and marshes (Howell and Webb 1995, McNeil et al. 1995), soft tidal pools and flats, inlets, agricultural fields, sewage ponds, lakeshores, mudbanks (Stevenson and Anderson 1994), occasionally inland in savanna pools in Venezuela, Guyana, and Suriname (Meyer de Schauensee and Phelps 1978, Tostain et al. 1992, Haverschmidt and Mees 1994, Castro and Phillips 1996), golf courses (Herklots 1961), managed wetlands (flat or slightly sloped, muddy-bottomed, primarily open-water areas surrounded by perimeter ditches; Weber and Haig 1996). High-tide roosting habitats include upper parts of beaches on islands and mainlands, and salt marshes.