Bibliography

Ainley, D. G., D. W. Anderson, and P. R. Kelly. 1981. Feeding ecology of marine cormorants in southwestern North America. Condor 83:120-131.

Ainley, D. G. and R. J. Boekelheide. 1990. Seabirds of the Farallon Islands. Stanford Univ. Press, Stanford, CA.

American Ornithologists' Union. 1998. Check-list of North American birds. 7th ed. Am. Ornithol. Union, Washington, D.C.

Amos, E. J. R. 1991. A guide to the birds of Bermuda. E. J. R. Amos, Warwick, Bermuda.

Anderson, D. W. and J. J. Hickey. 1972. Eggshell changes in certain North American birds. Proc. Int. Ornithol. Congr. 15:514-540.

Anderson, D. W., J. J. Hickey, R. W. Risebrough, D. F. Hughes, and R. F. Christiansen. 1969. Significance of chlorinated hydrocarbon residues to breeding pelicans and cormorants. Can. Field-Nat. 83:91-112.

Andrews, R. 1990. Colonial waterbird colonies: Maine to Virginia 1984-85. U.S. Fish and Wildl. Serv., Newton Corner, MA.

Andrews, R. and R. Righter. 1992. Colorado birds: a reference to their distribution and habitat. Denver Mus. Nat. Hist. Denver, CO.

BOURC. 1993. British Ornithologists' Union Records Committee, 18th Report. Ibis 135:220-222.

Bain, M. and D. Shanahan. 1998. Cross Canada Round-up (Yukon). Birders J. 7:166-183.

Banerjee, M., W. M. Reed, S. D. Fitzgerald, and B. Panigrahy. 1994. Neurotropic velogenic Newcastle disease in cormorants in Michigan: pathology and virus characterization. Avian Dis. 38:873-878.

Bartholomew, G. A. 1942. The fishing activities of Double-crested Cormorants on San Francisco Bay. Condor 44:13-21.

Bartholomew, G. A., R. C. Lasiewski, and E. C. Crawford, Jr. 1968. Patterns of panting and gular flutter in cormorants, pelicans, owls and doves. Condor 70:31-34.

Bayer, R. D. 1989. The cormorant/Fisherman conflict in Tillamook County, Oregon. Stud. Oregon Ornithol. 6. Gahmken Press, Newport, OR.

Belyea, G. Y., S. L. Maruca, J. S. Diana, P. J. Schneeberger, S. J. Scott, and et al. 1997. Impact of Double-crested Cormorant predation on the Yellow Perch population of the Les Cheneaux Islands of Michigan. Symposium on Double-crested Cormorant. (Tobin, M. E., Ed.) USDA Tech. Bull.

Bent, A. C. 1922. Life histories of North American petrels and pelicans and their allies. U.S. Natl. Mus. Bull. 121.

Birt, V. L., T. P. Birt, D. Goulet, D. K. Cairns, and W. A. Montevecchi. 1987. Ashmole's halo: direct evidence for prey depletion by a seabird. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 40:205-208.

Bishop, C. A., D. V. Weseloh, N. M. Burgess, J. Struger, and R. J. Norstrom. 1992. An atlas of contaminants in eggs of fish-eating birds of the Great Lakes (1970-1988). Tech. Rep. Ser. no. 152 and 153. Can. Wildl. Serv. Ontario Region.

Blackwell, B. F. and W. B. Krohn. 1997. Spring foraging distribution and habitat selection by Double-crested Cormorants on the Penobscot River, Maine USA. Colon. Waterbirds 20:66-76.

Blackwell, B. F., W. B. Krohn, and R. B. Allen. 1995. Foods of nestling Double-crested Cormorants in Penobscot Bay, Maine, U.S.A.: temporal and spatial comparisons. Colon. Waterbirds 18(Spec. Publ. 1):199-208.

Blackwell, B. F., W. B. Krohn, N. R. Dube, and A. J. Godin. 1997. Spring prey use by Double-crested Cormorants on the Penobscot River, Maine USA. Colon. Waterbirds 20:77-86.

Blackwell, B. F. and J. A. Sinclair. 1995. Evidence of secondary consumption of fish by Double-crested Cormorants. Mar. Ecol. Progr. Ser. 123:1-4.

Blem, C. R., W. H. N. Gutzke, and C. Filemyr. 1980. First breeding record of the Double-crested Cormorant in Virginia. Wilson Bull. 92:127-128.

Blomme, C. 1981. Status and breeding success of Double-crested Cormorant in two North Channel (Lake Huron) colonies in 1979. Ont. Field Biol. 35:70-78.

Braune, B. M. 1987. Comparison of total mercury levels in relation to diet and molt for nine species of marine birds. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 16:217-224.

Brechtel, S. H. 1983. The reproductive ecology of Double-crested Cormorants in southern Alberta. M. Sc. thesis. Univ. of Alberta, Edmonton.

Brodkorb, P. 1963. Catalogue of fossil birds, Pt. I. Bull. Florida State Mus. Biol. Sci. 7:179-293.

Brugger, K. E. 1993. Digestibility of three fish species by Double-crested Cormorants. Condor 95:25-32.

Brugger, K. E. 1995. Double-crested Cormorants and fisheries in Florida. Colon. Waterbirds 18(Spec. Publ. 1):110-117.

Bur, M. T., S. L. Tinnirello, C. D. Lovell, and J. T. Tyson. 1997. Diet of the Double-crested Cormorant in western Lake Erie. Symposium on Double-crested Cormorant. (Tobin, M. E., Ed.) USDA Tech. Bull.

Bédard, J., A. Nadeau, and M. Lepage. 1995a. Double-crested Cormorant culling in the St. Lawrence River estuary. Colon. Waterbirds 18(Spec. Publ. 1):78-85.

Bédard, J., A. Nadeau, and M. Lepage. 1995b. Double-crested Cormorant morphometry and field sexing in the St. Lawrence River estuary. Colon. Waterbirds 18(Spec. Publ. 1):86-90.

Bédard, J., A. Nadeau, and M. Lepage. 1997. Double-crested Cormorant culling in the St. Lawrence river estuary: results of a five-year program. Symposium on Double-crested Cormorant. (Tobin, M. E., Ed.) USDA Tech. Bull.

Cairns, D. K. 1992. Population regulation of seabird colonies. Current Ornithol. 9:37-61.

Cairns, D. K. 1998. Diet of cormorants, mergansers and kingfishers in northeastern North America. Can. Tech. Rep. Fish. Aquat. Sci., no. 2225.

Cairns, D. K., R. L. Dibblee, and P. Y. Daoust. 1998. Displacement of a large Double-crested Cormorant, Phalacrocorax auritus, colony following human disturbance. Can. Field Nat. 112:520-522.

Campbell, R. W., N. K. Dawe, I. McTaggart-Cowan, J. M. Cooper, G. W. Kaiser, and M. C. E. McNall. 1990. The birds of British Columbia, Vol. 1: Introduction and loons through waterfowl. R. Br. Columbia Mus. Victoria.

Campo, J. J., B. C. Thompson, J. C. Barron, R. C. Telfair II, P. P. Durocher, and S. J. Gutreuter. 1993. Diet of Double-crested Cormorants wintering in Texas. J. Field Ornithol. 64:135-144.

Carss, D. N. 1997. Technique for assessing cormorant diet and food intake: towards a consensus view. Suppl. Ric. Biol. Selvaggina 26:197-230.

Carter, H. R., A. L. Sowls, M. S. Rodway, U. W. Wilson, and R. W. Lowe. 1995. Population size, trends, and conservation problems of the Double-crested Cormorant on the Pacific Coast of North America. Colon. Waterbirds 18(Spec. Publ. 1):189-215.

Chapdelaine, G. and J. Bédard. 1995. Recent changes in the abundance and distribution of the Double-crested Cormorant in the St. Lawrence River, estuary and gulf, Quebec, 1978-1990. Colon. Waterbirds 18(Spec. Publ. 1):70-77.

Christie, W. J., K. A. Scott, P. G. Sly, and R. H. Strus. 1987. Recent changes in the aquatic food web of eastern Lake Ontario. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 44(Suppl. 2)):37-52.

Clapp, R. B., R. C. Banks, D. Morgan-Jacobs, and W. A. Hoffman. 1982. Marine birds of the southeastern United States and Gulf of Mexico, Part I. Gaviiformes through Pelecaniformes. USFWS., Washington, D.C.

Connor, H. A. and R. W. Loftin. 1985. The birds of Elunthera Island, Bahamas. Fla. Field Nat. 14:77-93.

Craven, S. R. and E. Lev. 1987. Double-crested Cormorants in the Apostle Islands, Wisconsin, USA: population trends, food habits and fishery depredations. Colon. Waterbirds 10:64-71.

Cummings, M. V. 1987. The feeding energetics of the Double-crested Cormorant in Biscayne Bay, Florida. Phd Thesis. Univ. of Miami, Coral Gables, FL.

Custer, T. W. and C. Bunck. 1992. Feeding flights of breeding Double-crested Cormorants at two Wisconsin colonies. J. Field Ornithol. 63:203-211.

Davenport, A. 1998. Double-crested Cormorant: direct recoveries of bandings from 1929-1997. U.S. Fish and Wildl. Serv. [Online.] http://www.fws.gov/9mbmo/issues/cormorant/migration.html

Del Hoyo, J., A. Elliott, and J. Sargatal. 1992. Handbook of the birds of the world. Vol. 1. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona.

Delaronde II, G. G. and Y. A. Greichus. 1972. Care and behavior of penned Double-crested Cormorants. Auk 89:644-650.

Derby, C. E. and J. R. Lovvorn. 1997. Comparison of pellets versus collected birds for sampling diets of Double-crested Cormorants. Condor 99:549-553.

Desgranges, J. L. 1982. Weight growth of young Double-crested Cormorants in the St. Lawrence Estuary, Quebec. Colon. Waterbirds 5:79-86.

Dolbeer, R. A. 1991. Migration patterns of Double-crested Cormorants east of the Rocky Mountains. J. Field Ornithol. 62:83-93.

Dorst, J. and J. L. Mougin. 1979. Order Pelecaniformes. Pages 155-193 in Check-list of birds of the world. Vol. 1, 2nd ed. (Mayr, E. and G. W. Cottrell, Eds.) Mus. Comp. Zool. Cambridge, MA.

Draulans, D. 1987. The effectiveness of attempts to reduce predation by fish-eating birds: a review. Biol. Conserv. 41:219-232.

Drent, R., G. F. Van Tets, F. Tompa, and K. Vermeer. 1964. The breeding birds of Mandarte Island, British Columbia. Can. Field-Nat. 78:208-61.

Drewlen, R. C. and L. F. Fredrickson. 1969. Band recovery distribution of Double-crested Cormorants from South Waubay Lake. S. Dakota Bird Notes 21:28-33.

Drury, W. H. 1973. Population changes in New England seabirds. Bird-Banding 44:267-313.

Duffy, D. C. 1995. Why is the Double-crested Cormorant a problem? Insights from cormorant ecology and human sociology. Colon. Waterbirds 18(Spec. Publ 1):25-32.

Duffy, D. C. and L. J. B. Laurenson. 1983. Pellets of Cape Cormorants as indicators of diet. Condor 85:305-307.

Duffy, D. C. and D. C. Schneider. 1994. Seabird-fisheries interactions: a manager's guide. Birdlife Conserv. Ser. 1:26-38.

Dunn, E. H. 1975a. Caloric intake of nestling Double-crested Cormorants. Auk 92:553-565.

Dunn, E. H. 1975b. Growth, body components and energy content of nestling Double-crested Cormorants. Condor 77:431-438.

Dunn, E. H. 1976. Development of endothermy and existence energy expenditure of nestling Double-crested Cormorants. Condor 78:350-356.

Dunn, E. H. 1980. On the variability of energy allocation of nesting birds. Auk 97:19-27.

Easton, E. R. 1982. An annotated checklist of the fleas of South Dakota (Siphonaptera). Ent. News. 93:155-158.

Elliott, J. E., D. G. Noble, R. J. Norstrom, and P. E. Whitehead. 1989. Organochlorine contaminants in seabird eggs from the Pacific Coast of Canada 1971-1986. Environ. Monit. Assess. 12:67-82.

Ellison, L. N. and L. Cleary. 1978. Effect of human disturbance on breeding Double-crested Cormorants. Auk 95:510-517.

Elowson, A. M. 1984. Spread-wing postures and the water repellency of feathers: a test of Rijke's hypothesis. Auk 101:371-383.

Erwin, R. M. 1995. The ecology of cormorants: some research needs and recommendations. Colon. Waterbirds 18(Spec. Publ. 1):240-246.

Ewins, P. J., D. V. Weseloh, and H. Blokpoel. 1995. Within-season variation in nest numbers of Double-crested Cormorants (Phalacrocorax auritus) on the Great Lakes: implications for censusing. Colon. Waterbirds 18:179-182.

Ewins, P. J. and D. V. C. Weseloh. 1994. Effects on productivity of shooting of Double-crested Cormorants (Phalacrocorax auritus) on Pigeon Island, Lake Ontario, in 1993. J. Great Lakes Res. 20:761-767.

Fedynich, A. M., D. B. Pence, and J. F. Bergan. 1997. Helminth community structure and pattern in sympatric populations of Double-crested and Neotropic cormorants. Helminthol. Soc. Wash. 64:176-182.

Findholt, S. L. 1988. Status, distribution and habitat affinities of Double-crested Cormorant nesting colonies in Wyoming. Colon. Waterbirds 11:245-251.

Fowle, M. R. 1997. Population dynamics, food habits, and bioenergetics of Double-crested Cormorants in Lake Champlain. Master's Thesis. Wildl. and Fish. Biol. Prog., School of Nat. Resourc., Univ. of Vermont, Burlington, VT.

Fox, G. A., B. Collins, E. Hayakawa, D. V. Weseloh, and J. P. Ludwig. 1991. Reproductive outcomes in colonial, fish-eating birds: A biomarker for developmental toxins in Great Lakes food chains. II. Spatial variation in the occurrence and prevalence of bill defects in young Double-crested Cormorants in the Great Lakes, 1979-1987. J. Great Lakes Res. 17:158-167.

Garrido, O. H. and A. Kirkconnell. 1992. La Corua Phalacrocorax auritus heuretus (Aves: Phalacrocoracidae), nueva subespecie para Cuba. El Volante Migratorio 18:24-26.

Gauthier, J. and Y. Aubry. 1996. The breeding birds of Quebec: atlas of the breeding birds of southern Québec. Ass. québecoise des groupes d'ornithologues, Prov. of Quebec Soc. for the protection of birds, Can. Wildl. Serv., Env. Canada, Québec Region, Montréal.

Gilbertson, M., T. Kubiak, J. Ludwig, and G. Fox. 1991. Great Lakes Embryo Mortality, Edema and Deformities Syndrome (GLEMEDS) in colonial fish-eating birds: similarity to chick-edema disease. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health 33:455-520.

Gilligan, J., M. Smith, D. Rogers, and A. Contreras. 1994. Birds of Oregon: status and distribution. Cinclus Publ. McMinnville, OR.

Girard, G. T. and W. K. Taylor. 1979. Reproductive parameters for nine avian species at Moore Creek, Merritt Island National Wildlife Refuge, Florida. Florida Sci. 42:94-102.

Glahn, J. F. and K. E. Brugger. 1995. The impact of Double-crested Cormorants on the Mississippi Delta catfish industry: a bioenergetics model. Colon. Waterbirds 18(Spec. Publ. 1):168-175.

Glahn, J. F., P. J. Dixon, G. A. Littauer, and R. B. McCoy. 1995. Food habits of Double-crested Cormorants wintering in the Delta region of Mississippi. Colon. Waterbirds 18(Spec. Publ. 1):158-167.

Glahn, J. F. and R. B. McCoy. 1995. Measurements of wintering Double-crested Cormorants and discriminant models of sex. J. Field Ornithol. 66:299-304.

Glahn, J. F., M. E. Tobin, and J. B. Harrel. 1997. Possible effects of catfish exploitation on over-winter body condition of Double-crested Cormorants. Symposium on Double-crested Cormorant. (Tobin, M. E., Ed.) USDA Tech. Bull.

Glanville, E. V. 1992. Co-operative fishing by Double-crested Cormorants, Phalacrocorax auritus. Can. Field-Nat. 106:522-523.

Glaser, L. C., I. K. Barker, D. V. Chip Weseloh, J. Ludwig, and R. M. Windingstad. 1999. The 1992 epizootic of Newcastle disease in Double-crested Cormorants in North America. J. Wildl. Dis. 35(2):319-330.

Greichus, Y. A. and M. R. Hannon. 1973. Distribution and biochemical effects of DDT, DDD and DDE in penned Double-crested Cormorants. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 26:483-494.

Gress, F., R. W. Risebrough, D. W. Anderson, L. F. Kiff, and J. R. Jehl, Jr. 1973. Reproductive failures of Double-crested Cormorants in southern California and Baja California. Wilson Bull. 85:197-208.

Hanbidge, B. A. and G. A. Fox. 1996. Egg characteristics, growth and developmental landmarks of known-age embryos of Double-crested Cormorants from Manitoba. Colon. Waterbirds 19:139-142.

Hartman, F. A. 1961. Locomotor mechanisms in birds. Smithson. Misc. Coll. 143:1-99.

Hatch, J. J. 1995. Changing populations of Double-crested Cormorants. Colon. Waterbirds 18(Spec. Publ. 1):8-24.

Heckert, R. A., M. S. Collins, R. J. Manvell, I. Strong, J. E. Pearson, and D. J. Alexander. 1996. Comparison of Newcastle disease virus isolated from cormorants in Canada and the USA in 1975, 1990 and 1992. Can. J. Vet. Res. 60:5054.

Heinz, G. H., T. C. Erdman, S. D. Haseltine, and C. Stafford. 1985. Contaminant levels in colonial waterbirds from Green Bay and Lake Michigan, 1975-1980. Environ. Monit. Assess. 5:223-236.

Hennemann III, W. W. 1984. Spread-winged behaviour of Double-crested and Flightless cormorants Phalacrocorax auritus and P. harrisi: wing drying or thermoregulation? Ibis 126:230-239.

Hennemann III, W. W. 1988. Energetics and spread-winged behavior in Anhingas and Double-crested Cormorants: the risks of generalization. Am. Zool. 28:845-851.

Henny, C. J., L. J. Blus, S. P. Thompson, and U. W. Wilson. 1989. Environmental contaminants, human disturbance and nesting of Double-crested Cormorants in northwestern Washington. Colon. Waterbirds 12:198-206.

Henschel, D. S., J. W. Martin, R. J. Norstrom, J. Elliott, K. M. Cheng, and J. C. DeWitt. 1997. Morphometric brain abnormalities in Double-crested Cormorant chicks exposed to polychlorinated dibenzo-p -dioxins, dibenzofurans, and biphenyls. J. Great Lakes Res. 23:11-26.

Hobson, K. A. 1989. Pebbles in nests of Double-crested Cormorants. Wilson Bull. 101:107-8.

Hobson, K. A., R. W. Knapton, and W. Lysack. 1989. Population, diet and reproductive success of Double-crested Cormorants breeding on Lake Winnipegosis, Manitoba, in 1987. Colon. Waterbirds 12:191-197.

Howell, S. N. G. and S. Webb. 1995. A guide to the birds of Mexico and Northern Central America. Oxford Univ. Press, New York.

Hubbard, J. P. 1978. Revised check-list of the birds of New Mexico. New Mexico Ornithol. Soc. Publ. no. 6.

Huizinga, H. W. 1971. Contracaeciasis in pelicaniform birds. J. Wild. Dis. 7:198-204.

Hunt, J. D. and R. M. Evans. 1997. Brood reduction and the insurance-egg hypothesis in Double-crested Cormorants. Colon. Waterbirds 20:485-491.

Jackson, J. A. and B. J. S. Jackson. 1995. The Double-crested Cormorant in the south-central United States: habitat and population changes of a feathered pariah. Colon. Waterbirds 18(Spec. Publ. 1):118-130.

Johnsgard, P. A. 1993. Cormorants, darters and pelicans of the world. Smithson. Inst. Press, Washington, D.C.

Johnson, J. H., R. M. Ross, and D. R. Smith. 1997. Evidence of secondary consumption of invertebrate prey by Double-crested Cormorants. Colon. Waterbirds 20:547-551.

Johnstone, I. G., M. P. Harris, S. Wanless, and J. A. Graves. 1990. The usefulness of pellets for assessing the diet of adult Shags Phalacrocorax aristotelis. Bird Study 37:5-11.

Jones, D. R. and S. Larigakis. 1988. The effect of breathing oxygen and air on diving bradycardia in cormorants (Phalacrocorax auritus). J. Exp. Biol. 136:499-502.

Jones, P. D., J. P. Giesy, J. L. Newsted, D. A. Verbrugge, and J. P. Ludwig. 1994. Accumulation of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin equivalents by Double-crested Cormorants (Phalacrocorax auritus, Pelecaniformes) chicks in the North American Great Lakes. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 27:192-209.

Kain, T. 1987. Virginia's birdlife: An annotated checklist. Virginia Avifauna no. 3.

Kanwisher, J. W., G. Gabrielsen, and N. Kanwisher. 1981. Free and forced diving in birds. Science 211:717-719.

Keith, J. A. 1995. Management policies for cormorants in Canada. Colon. Waterbirds 18(Spec. Publ. 1):234-237.

Keith, J. A. and I. M. Gruchy. 1972. Residue levels of chemical pollutants in North American birdlife. Proc. XV Ornithol Congr. 437-454.

King, D. T., K. J. Andrews, J. O. King, R. D. Flynt, J. F. Glahn, and J. L. Cummings. 1994. A night-lighting technique for capturing cormorants. J. Field Ornithol. 65:254-257.

King, D. T., J. F. Glahn, and K. J. Andrews. 1995. Daily activity budget and movements of winter roosting Double-crested Cormorants determined by biotelemetry in the Delta Region of Mississippi. Colon. Waterbirds 18(Spec. Publ. 1):152-157.

King, K. A., C. J. Stafford, B. W. Cain, A. J. Mueller, and H. D. Hall. 1987. Industrial, agricultural, and petroleum contaminants in cormorants wintering near the Houston Ship Channel, Texas, USA. Colon. Waterbirds 10:93-99.

Kirsch, E. M. 1997. Numbers and distribution of Double-crested Cormorants on the upper Mississippi River. Colon. Waterbirds 20:177-184.

Klimkiewicz, M. K. and A. G. Futcher. 1989. Longevity records of North American birds. J. Field Ornithol. 60(Suppl. 1):469-494.

Koffijberg, K. and M. R. Van Eerden. 1995. Sexual dimorphism in the cormorant Phalacrocorax carbo sinensis: possible implications for differences in structural size. Ardea 83:37-46.

Krohn, W. B., R. B. Allen, J. R. Moring, and A. E. Hutchinson. 1995. Double-crested Cormorants in New England: Population and management histories. Colon. Waterbirds 18(Spec. Publ. 1):99-109.

Kuiken, T., F. A. Leighton, G. Wobeser, and B. Wagner. 1999. Causes of morbidity and mortality and their effects on reproductive success in Double-crested Cormorants from Saskatchewan. J. Wildl. Dis. 35(2):331-346.

Kury, C. R. 1968. Difference in weight of male and female cormorants. Auk 85:513.

Kury, C. R. 1969. Pesticide residues in a marine population of Double-crested Cormorants. J. Wildl. Manage. 33:91-95.

Kury, C. R. and M. Gochfeld. 1975. Human interference and gull predation in cormorant colonies. Biol. Conserv. 8:23-34.

Kushlan, J. A. and L. C. McEwan. 1982. Nesting phenology of the Double-crested Cormorant. Wilson Bull. 94:201-206.

Larson, J. M., W. H. Karasov, L. Sileo, K. L. Stromberg, and B. A. Hanbidge. 1996. Reproductive success, developmental anomalies, and environmental contaminants in Double-crested Cormorants (Phalacrocorax auritus). Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 15:553-559.

Lemmon, C. R., G. Bugbee, and G. R. Stephens. 1994. Tree damage by nesting Double-crested Cormorants in Connecticut. Connecticut Warbler 14:27-30.

Lewis, H. F. 1929. The natural history of the Double-crested Cormorant (Phalacrocorax auritus auritus (Lesson)). Ru-Mi-Lou Books, Ottawa, Ontario.

Lovvorn, J. R. and D. R. Jones. 1991. Body mass, volume, and buoyancy of some aquatic birds, and their relation to locomotor strategies. Can. J. Zool. 69:2888-2892.

Ludwig, J. P., C. N. Hull, M. E. Ludwig, and H. J. Auman. 1989. Food habits and feeding ecology of nesting Double-crested Cormorants in the upper Great Lakes, 1986-1989. Jack-Pine Warbler 67:117-129.

Ludwig, J. P., H. Kurita-Matsuba, H. J. Auman, M. E. Ludwig, and C. L. Summer. 1996. Deformities, PCBs, and TCDD-equivalents in Double-crested Cormorants (Phalacrocorax auritus) and Caspian Terns (Hydroprogne caspia) of the upper Great Lakes 1986-1991: Testing a cause-effect hypothesis. J. Great Lakes Res. 22:172-197.

Léger, C. and R. McNeil. 1985. Nest attendance and care of young in Double-crested Cormorants. Colon. Waterbirds 8:96-103.

Léger, C. and R. McNeil. 1987a. Brood size and chick position as factors influencing feeding frequency, growth, and survival of nestling Double-crested Cormorants, Phalacrocorax auritus. Can. Field-Nat. 101:351-361.

Léger, C. and R. McNeil. 1987b. Choix de l'emplacement des nids de Cormorans à aigrettes (Phalacrocorax auritus) aux îles de la Madeleine, Québec. Can. J. Zool. 65:2434.

Madenjian, C. P. and S. W. Gabrey. 1995. Waterbird predation on fish in western Lake Erie: a bioenergetics model application. Condor 97:141-153.

Mahoney, S. A. 1984. Plumage wettability of aquatic birds. Auk 101:181-185.

Malcomson, R. O. 1960. Mallophaga from birds of North America. Wilson Bull. 72:182-197.

Marshall, W. H. and A. B. Erickson. 1945. Weights of some Minnesota birds. Flicker 17:32-36.

Mcconaughy, M. 1996. First Double-crested Cormorant nesting in Pennsylvania. Pennsylvania Birds 10:151.

Mcleod, J. A. and G. F. Bondar. 1953. A brief study of the Double-crested Cormorant on Lake Winnipegosis. Can. Field-Nat. 67:1-11.

Mcneil, R. and C. Léger. 1987. Nest-site quality and reproductive success of early- and latenesting Double-crested Cormorants. Wilson Bull. 99:262-267.

Meier, T. I. 1981. Artificial nesting structures for the Double-crested Cormorant. Tech. Bull. no. 126. Wisconsin Dept. Nat. Res. Madison, WI.

Mendall, H. L. 1936. The home-life and economic status of the Double-crested Cormorant, Phalacrocorax auritus auritus (Lesson). Maine Bull. 39.3. Univ. Press, Orono.

Meyerreicks, A. J. 1972. Tool-using by a Double-crested Cormorant. Wilson Bull. 84:482-3.

Meyers, R. A. 1997. Anatomy and histochemistry of spread-wing posture in birds. 1. Wing drying posture in the Double-crested Cormorant, Phalacrocorax auritus. J. Morphol. 233:67-76.

Michael, C. W. 1935. Nesting habits of cormorants. Condor 37:36-37.

Mills, H. B., W. C. Starrett, and F. C. Bellrose. 1966. Man's effect on the fish and wildlife of the Illinois River. Illinois Nat. Hist. Surv. Biol. Notes no. 57. Illinois Dept. of Conservation.

Milton, G. R., P. J. Austin-Smith, and G. J. Farmer. 1995. Shouting at shags: a case study of cormorant management in Nova Scotia. Colon. Waterbirds 18(Spec. Publ. 1):91-98.

Mitchell, R. M. 1977. Breeding biology of the Double-crested Cormorant on Utah lake. Great Basin Nat. 37:1-23.

Mora, M. A. and D. W. Anderson. 1995. Selenium, boron and heavy metals in birds from the Mexicali Valley, Baja California, Mexico. Bull. Envir. Contam. Toxicol. 54:198-206.

Morse, D. H. 1971. Great Horned Owls and nesting seabirds. Auk 88:426-487.

Mott, D. F. and F. L. Boyd. 1995. A review of techniques for preventing cormorant depredations at aquaculture facilities in the southeastern United States. Colon. Waterbirds 18(Spec. Publ. 1):76-180.

Mott, D. F., J. F. Glahn, P. L. Smith, D. S. Reinhold, K. J. Bruce, and C. A. Sloan. 1998. An evaluation of winter roost harassment for dispersing Double-crested Cormorants away from catfish production areas in Mississippi. Wildl. Soc. Bull 26(3):584-591.

Nettleship, D. N. and D. C. Duffy. 1995. The Double-crested Cormorant: Biology, Conservation and Management. Colon. Waterbirds 18(Spec. Publ. 1):1-256.

Neuman, J., D. L. Pearl, R. Black, P. J. Ewins, and D. V. Weseloh. 1997. Spatial and temporal variation in the diet of the Double-crested Cormorant (Phalacrocorax auritus) breeding on the lower Great Lakes in the early 1990s. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 54:1569-1584.

Nichols, D., R. J. Montali, C. Pickett, and C. Bush. 1983. Rickets in Double-crested Cormorants (Phalacrocorax auritus). J. Zoo An. Med. 14:115-124.

Nisbet, I. C. T. 1995. Biology, Conservation and Management of the Double-crested Cormorant: symposium summary and overview. Colon. Waterbirds 18(Spec. Publ. 1):247-252.

Nisbet, I. C. T. and J. Baird. 1959. The autumn migration of the Double-crested Cormorant through eastern New England. Massachusetts Audubon 43:224-227.

Noble, D. G. and J. E. Elliott. 1986. Environmental contaminants in Canadian seabirds, 1968-1984; trends and effects. Tech. Rep. Ser. no. 13. Can. Wildl. Serv. Ottawa.

O'Malley, J. B. E. and R. M. Evans. 1983. Kleptoparasitism and associated foraging in American White Pelicans. Colon. Waterbirds. 6:126-129.

O'Meara, T. E., W. R. Marion, O. B. Myers, and W. M. Hetrick. 1982. Food habits of three bird species on phosphate-mine settling ponds and natural wetlands. Proc. Ann. Conf. Southeast Assoc. Fish and Wildl. Agencies. 36:515-526.

Oberholser, H. C. 1974. The bird life of Texas. Univ. of Texas Press, Austin.

Owre, O. T. 1967. Adaptations for locomotion and feeding in the Anhinga and the Double-crested Cormorant. Ornithol. Monogr. 6:1-138.

Palmer, R. S. 1962. Handbook of North American birds. Vol. 1. Yale Univ. Press, New Haven, CT.

Pearce, P. A., J. E. Elliott, D. B. Peakall, and R. J. Norstrom. 1989. Organochlorine contaminants in eggs of seabirds in the northwest Atlantic, 1968-1984. Environ. Pollut. 56:217-235.

Peck, G. K. and R. D. James. 1983. Breeding birds of Ontario, nidiology and distribution, Vol. 1: Non passerines. R. Ont. Mus. Toronto.

Pennycuick, C. J. 1989. Bird flight performance: A practical calculation manual. Oxford Univ. Press, Oxford, U.K.

Pennycuick, C. J. 1991. Flight of seabirds. Pages 43-62 in Seabirds: feeding ecology and role in Marine ecosystems. (Croxall, J. P., Ed.) Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, U.K.

Pense, D. B. and G. E. Childs. 1972. Pathology of Amphimerus elongatus (Digenea: Opisthorchiidae) in the liver of the Double-crested Cormorant. J. Wildl. Dis. 8:221-224.

Pilon, C., J. B. Burton, and R. McNeil. 1983. Reproduction du Grand Cormoran (Phalacrocorax carbo) et du Cormoran à  aigrettes (P. auritus) aux îles de la Madeleine, Québec. Can. J. Zool. 61:524-536.

Podolsky, R. H. and S. W. Kress. 1989. Plastic debris incorporated into Double-crested Cormorant nests in the Gulf of Maine. J. Field Ornithol. 60:248-250.

Post, W. 1988. Spread of the Double-cresed Cormorant into inerior of the southeastern United States. Colon. Waterbirds 11:115-116.

Post, W. and C. A. Seals. 1991. Breeding biology of a newly established Double-crested Cormorant population in South Carolina, U.S.A. Colon. Waterbirds 14:34-38.

Postupalsky, S. 1978. Toxic chemicals and cormorant populations in the Great Lakes. Wildl. Toxicol. Div. Manuscript Rep. no. 40. Can. Wildl. Serv. Ottawa.

Potts, G. R. 1971. Moult in the Shag Phalacrocorax aristotelis, and ontogeny of the "Staffelmauser". Ibis 113:298-305.

Powell, D. C., R. J. Aulerich, J. C. Meadows, D. E. Tillett, K. L. Stromberg, and et al. 1997. Organochlorine contaminants in Double-crested Cormorants from Green Bay, Wisconsin. II. Effects of an extract derived from cormorant eggs on the chicken embryo. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 32:316-322.

Price, I. M. and D. V. Weseloh. 1986. Increased numbers and productivity of Double-crested Cormorants, Phalacrocorax auritus, on Lake Ontario. Can. Field-Nat. 100:474-482.

Raffaele, H., J. Wiley, O. Garrido, A. Keith, and J. Raffaele. 1998. A guide to the birds of the West Indies. Princeton Univ. Press, Princeton, NJ.

Rail, J. F. and G. Chapdelaine. 1998. Food of Double-crested Cormorants, Phalacrocorax auritus, in the gulf and estuary of the St. Lawrence River, Quebec, Canada. Can. J. Zool. 76:635-643.

Rattner, B. A., N. H. Golden, J. L. Pearson, J. B. Cohen, and L. J. Garrett. 1999. Biological and ecotoxicological characteristics of terrestrial vertebrate species residing in estuaries: Double-crested Cormorant. USGS. [Online.] http://www.pwrc.usgs.gov/bioeco/dbcrcorm.htm

Reinhold, D. S., A. J. Mueller, and G. Ellis. 1999. Observations of nesting Double-crested Cormorants in the Delta region of Mississippi. Colon. Waterbirds 21:466-467.

Robbins, C. S. 1996. Atlas of the breeding birds of Maryland and the District of Columbia. Univ. of Pittsburgh Press, Pittsburgh.

Robbins, M. B. and D. A. Easterla. 1992. Birds of Missouri. Univ. of Missouri Press, Columbia.

Robbins, Jr., S. D. 1991. Wisconsin birdlife: populations and distribution, past and present. Univ. of Wisconsin Press, Madison.

Robertson, I. 1971. The influence of brood-size on reproductive success in two species of cormorant, Phalacrocorax auritus and P. pelagicus, and its relation to the problem of brood-size. Master's Thesis. Univ. of British Columbia, Vancouver.

Robertson, I. 1974. The food of nesting Double-crested and Pelagic Cormorants at Mandarte Island, British Columbia, with notes on feeding ecology. Condor 76:346-348.

Root, T. L. 1988. Atlas of wintering North American birds: an analysis of Christmas Bird Count data. Univ. of Chicago Press, Chicago.

Ross, R. K. 1974. A comparison of the feeding and nesting requirements of the Great Cormorant (Phalacrocorax carbo L.) and Double-crested Cormorant (P. auritus Lesson), in Nova Scotia. Proc. N.S. Inst. Sci. 27:114-132.

Ross, R. M. and J. H. Johnson. 1995. Seasonal and annual changes in the diet of Double-crested Cormorants: implications for Lake Ontario's fishery. Great Lakes Res. Rev. 2:1-9.

Ross, R. M. and J. H. Johnson. 1997. Fish losses to Double-crested Cormorant predation in eastern Lake Ontario, 1992-1997. Symposium on Double-crested Cormorant. (Tobin, M. E., Ed.) USDA Tech. Bull.

Russell, A. F., S. Wanless, and M. P. Harris. 1995. Factors affecting the production of pellets by Shags, Phalacrocorax aristotelis. Seabird 17:44-49.

Russell, S. M. and G. Monson. 1998. The birds of Sonora. Univ. of Arizona Press, Tucson.

Ryckman, D., D. V. Weseloh, P. Hamr, G. A. Fox, and B. Collins. 1998. Spatial and temporal trends in organochlorine contamination and bill deformities in Double-crested Cormorants (Phalacrocorax auritus) from the Canadian Great Lakes. Environ. Monit. Assess. 53:169-195.

Sanderson, J. T., R. J. Norstrom, J. Elliot, L. E. Hart, K. M. Cheng, and G. D. Bellward. 1994. Biological effects of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, dibenzofurans, and biphenyls in Double-crested Cormorant chicks (Phalacrocorax auritus). J. Toxicol. Env. Health 41:247-265.

Sauer, J. R., J. E. Hines, G. Gough, I. Thomas, and B. G. Peterjohn. 1997. The North American Breeding Bird Survey Results and Analysis. Version 96.4. Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, Laurel, MD. [Online.] http://www.mbr-pwrc.usgs.gov/bbs/bbs96.html

Sauer, J. R., S. Schwartz, and B. Hoover. 1996. The Christmas Bird Count Home Page. Version 95.1. Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, Laurel, MD.

Scharf, W. C. and G. W. Shugart. 1998. Distribution and abundance of gull, tern, and cormorant nesting colonies of the U.S. Great Lakes, 1989 and 1990. Publ. no. 1, Gale Gleason Environ. Inst., Lake Superior State Univ. Press, Sault Ste. Marie, MI.

Schneider, C. P., A. Schiavone, Jr., T. H. Eckert, R. D. McCullough, and B. F. Lantry. 1998. Double-crested Cormorant predation on smallmouth bass and other warm water fishes of the eastern basin of Lake Ontario: overview and summary. Sec.1. pp. 1-6. New York Dept. Environ. Conserv. Spec. Rep., Dec. 15, 1998, Watertown, NY.

Schramm, Jr., H. L., B. French, and M. Ednoff. 1984. Depredation of channel catfish by Florida Double-crested Cormorants. Progr. Fish-Cult. 46:41-43.

Sellers, R. M. 1995. Wing-spreading behaviour of the Cormorant (Phalacrocorax carbo). Ardea 83:27-36.

Sepulveda, M. S., R. H. Poppenga, J. J. Arrecis, and L. B. Quinn. 1998. Concentrations of mercury and selenium in tissue of Double-crested Cormorants from southern Florida. Colon. Waterbirds 21:35-42.

Sheppard, Y. 1994. Cormorants and pelicans. Birds Wild. 3:30-35.

Sibley, C. G. and B. L. Monroe, Jr. 1990. Distribution and taxonomy of birds of the world. Yale Univ. Press, New Haven, CT.

Siegel-Causey, D. 1980. Progenicide in Double-crested Cormorants. Condor 82:101.

Siegel-Causey, D. 1988. Phylogeny of the Phalacrocoracidae. Condor 90:885-905.

Siegel-Causey, D. 1990. Phylogenetic patterns of the size and shape of the nasal gland depression in the Phalacrocoracidae. Auk 107:110-118.

Siegel-Causey, D. and G. L. Hunt. 1981. Colonial defense behavior in Double-crested and Pelagic cormorants. Auk 98:522531.

Siegel-Causey, D. and G. L. Hunt. 1986. Breeding-site selection and colony formation in Double-crested and Pelagic cormorants. Auk 103:230-234.

Siegel-Causey, D., C. Lefevre, and A. B. Savinetskii. 1991. Historical diversity of cormorants and shags from Amchitka Island, Alaska. Condor 93:840-852.

Sivak, J. G., J. L. Lincer, and W. Bobier. 1977. Amphibious visual optics of the eyes of the Double-crested Cormorant (Phalacrocorax auritus) and the Brown Pelican (Pelecanus occidentalis). Can J. Zool. 55:782-788.

Small, A. 1994. California birds: their status and distribution. Ibis Publ. Co. Vista, CA.

Smith, M. R., P. W. Mattocks, Jr., and K. M. Cassidy. 1997. Breeding birds of Washington State. in Washington State Gap Analysis-Final Report. Vol. 4 (Cassidy, K. M. and et al., Eds.) Seattle Audubon Soc. Publ. Zool. no. 1. Seattle, WA.

Somers, J. D., B. C. Goski, J. M. Barbeau, and M. W. Barrett. 1993. Accumulation of organochlorine contaminants in Double-crested Cormorants. Environ. Pollut. 80:17-23.

Stenzel, L. E., H. R. Carter, R. D. Henderson, S. D. Emslie, and J. D. Rauzon. 1995. Breeding success of Double-crested Cormorants in the San Francisco Bay area, California. Colon. Waterbirds 18(Spec. Publ. 1):216-224.

Stevenson, H. M. and B. H. Anderson. 1994. The birdlife of Florida. Univ. Presses of Florida, Gainesville.

Stickley, Jr., A. R., G. L. Warrick, and J. F. Glahn. 1992. Impact of Double-crested Cormorant depredations on channel catfish farms. J. World Aquacult. Soc. 23:192-198.

Sutton, G. M. 1967. Oklahoma birds. Univ. of Oklahoma Press, Norman.

Tate, J. and D. J. Tate. 1982. The Blue List and the list of species with Special Concerns. Am. Birds. 36:129-134.

Taverner, P. A. 1915. The Double-crested Cormorant (Phalacrocorax auritus) and its relation to the salmon industries of the Gulf of St. Lawrence. Biol. Series no. 5 Canada Dept. Mines Geol. Surv. Mus. Bull. no 13. Govt. Printing Bureau, Ottawa.

Taylor, P. W. 1992. Fish-eating birds as potential vectors of Edwarsiella ictaluri. J. Aquatic Animal Health 4:240243.

Telfair, R. C. and M. L. Morrison. 1995. Neotropic Cormorant, Phalacrocorax brasilianus. in The birds of North America, no. 137. (Poole, A. and F. Gill, Eds.) Acad. Nat. Sci., Philadelphia, PA, and Am. Ornithol. Union, Washington, D.C.

Thompson, B. C., J. J. Campo, and R. C. Telfair. 1995. Origin, population attributes and management conflict resolution for Double-crested Cormorants wintering in Texas. Colon. Waterbirds 18(Spec. Publ. 1):181.

Thompson, L. S. 1981. Nest-tree sharing by herons and cormorants in Montana. Can. Field-Nat. 95:257-260.

Threlfall, W. 1982a. Ectoparasites (Mallophaga, Acarina) from the Double-crested Cormorant in Florida. Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 84:369-375.

Threlfall, W. 1982b. Endoparasites of the Double-crested Cormorant (P. auritus) in Florida. Proc. Helminthol. Soc. Wash. 49:101-108.

Tillitt, D. E., G. T. Ankley, J. P. Giesy, J. P. Ludwig, and H. Kurita-Matsuba. 1992. Polychlorinated biphenyl residues and egg mortality in Double-crested Cormorants from the Great Lakes. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 11:1281-1288.

Tobin, M. E. 1997. Population status and management issues in the Midwest. Symposium on Double-crested Cormorants. U.S. Dep. Agricul. Tech. Bull, December 9, 1997, Milwaukee, WI.

Tobish, Jr., T. G. and M. E. Isleib. 1992. The autumn migration: August 1-November 30, 1991. Alaska region. Am. Birds 46:137.

Todd, C. S., L. S. Young, R. B. Owen, and F. J. Gramlich. 1982. Food habits of Bald Eagles in Maine. J. Wildl. Manage. 46:636-645.

Trapp, J. L. 1998. Migratory bird permits; establishment of a depredation order for the Double-crested Cormorant. Federal Register 63, no. 42(March 4 1998):10550-10561.

Trapp, J. L., T. J. Dwyer, J. J. Doggett, and J. G. Nickum. 1995. Management responsibilities and policies for cormorants: United States Fish and Wildlife Service. Colon. Waterbirds 18(Spec. Publ. 1):226-230.

Tymstra, Y. R. 1997. Bird observations from some southeastern James Bay islands, N.W.T. Ont. Birds 15:108-115.

Tyson, L. A., J. L. Belant, F. J. Cuthbert, and D. V. Weseloh. 1997. Nesting populations of Double-crested Cormorants in the United States and Canada. Symposium on Double-crested Cormorant. (Tobin, M. E., Ed.) USDA Tech. Bull.

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1999. Beringian seabird colony catalog-computer database and colony status record archives. USFWS, Migratory Bird Management, Anchorage, AK.

Van Der Veen, H. E. 1973. Some aspects of the breeding biology and demography of the Double-crested Cormorants (Phalacrocorax auritus) of Mandarte Island. Ph.D. thesis. Zoologisch Laboratorium der Rijksuniversiteit te Groningen, Groningen.

Van Eerden, M. R., K. Koffijberg, and M. Platteeuw. 1995. Riding on the Crest of the Wave: possibilities and limitations for a thriving population of Cormorants (Phalacrocorax carbo) in man-dominated wetlands. Nederlandse Ornithologische Unie, Oegstgeest, The Netherlands. [Republished from Ardea] 83(1)

Van Eerden, M. R. and B. Voslamber. 1995. Mass fishing by Cormorants Phalacrocorax carbo sinensis at Lake Ijsselmeer, The Netherlands: a recent and successful adaptation to a turbid environment. Ardea 83:199-212.

Van Scheik, W. J. 1985. Thermal aspects of the reproductive ecology of the Double-crested Cormorant (Phalacrocorax auritus) in southern Alberta. Phd Thesis. Univ. of Alberta, Edmonton.

Van Tets, G. F. 1959. A comparative study of the reproductive behaviour and natural history of three sympatric species of cormorants, (Phalacrocorax auritus, P. penicillatus, & P. pelagicus) at Mandarte Island, B.C. Master's Thesis. Univ. of British Columbia, Vancouver.

Van Tets, G. F. 1965. A comparative study of some social communication patterns in the Pelecaniformes. Ornithol. Monogr. no. 2. Am. Ornithol. Union, Washington, D.C.

Verbeek, N. A. M. 1982. Egg predation by Northwestern Crows: its association with human and Bald Eagle activity. Auk 99:347-352.

Vermeer, K. 1969. Some aspects of the breeding chronology of Double-crested Cormorants at Lake Newell, Alberta, in 1968. Murrelet 50:19-20.

Vermeer, K. and L. M. Reynolds. 1970. Organochlorine residues in aquatic birds in the Canadian Prairie Provinces. Can. Field-Nat. 84:117-129.

Watson, G. E., S. L. Olson, and R. J. Miller. 1991. A new subspecies of the Double-crested Cormorant, Phalacrocorax auritus, from San Salvador, Bahama Islands. Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 104:356-369.

Weseloh, D. V., P. J. Ewins, J. Struger, P. Mineau, and C. A. Bishop. 1995. Double-crested Cormorants of the Great Lakes: Changes in population size, breeding distribution and reproductive output between 1913 and 1991. Colon. Waterbirds 18(Spec. Publ. 1):48-59.

Weseloh, D. V., D. P. Ryckman, R. W. MacDonald, M. K. McNicholl, and J. J. Hatch. 1999. The Double-crested Cormorant (Phalacrocorax auritus): a partially annotated bibliography. Can. Wildl. Serv. Ont. Reg. Tech. Rep.

Weseloh, D. V., S. M. Teeple, and M. Gilbertson. 1983. Double-crested Cormorants of the Great Lakes: egg-laying parameters, reproductive failure and contaminant residues in eggs. Can. J. Zool. 61:427-436.

Weseloh, D. V. C. and J. Casselman. 1992. Calculated fish consumption by Double-crested Cormorants in eastern Lake Ontario. Abstracts of Scientific Papers Presented at the 1992 Ann. Meeting of the Colonial Waterbird Society: 76, and Colon. Waterbird Soc. Bull. 16(2):63-64.

Weseloh, D. V. C. and P. J. Ewins. 1994. Characteristics of a rapidly increasing colony of Double-crested Cormorants (Phalacrocorax auritus) in Lake Ontario: population size reproductive parameters and band recoveries. J. Great Lakes Research 20:443-456.

Weseloh, D. V. C. and S. J. Lewis. 1997. Information needs for the Double-crested Cormorant in midwestern North America, as identified by an audience survey. Symposium on Double-crested Cormorant. (Tobin, M. E., Ed.) USDA Tech. Bull.

Williams, L. L., J. P. Giesy, D. A. Verbrugge, S. Jurzysta, and K. Stromborg. 1995. Polychlorinated biphenyls and 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin equivalents in eggs of Double-crested Cormorants from a colony near Green Bay, WI. Arch Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 29:327-333.

Wilson, R. P., K. Hustler, P. G. Ryan, A. E. Burger, and E. C. Noldëke. 1992. Diving birds in cold water: do Archimedes and Boyle determine energetic costs? Am. Nat. 140:179-200.

Wilson, U. W. 1991. Responses of three seabird species to El Niño events and other warm episodes on the Washington coast, 1979-1990. Condor 93:853-858.

Wong, P. L. and R. C. Anderson. 1987. Development of Syncuaria squamata (Linstow, 1883) (Nematoda: Acuariodea) in ostracods (Ostracoda) and double-crested cormorants (Phalacrocorax auritus auritus). Can. J. Zool. 65:2524-2531.

Yamashita, N., S. Tanabe, J. P. Ludwig, H. Kurita, M. E. Ludwig, and R. Tatsukawa. 1993. Embryonic abnormalities and organochlorine contamination in Double-crested Cormorants (Phalacrocorax auritus) and Caspian Terns (Hydroprogne caspia) from the upper Great Lakes in 1988. Environ. Pollut. 79:163-173.

Zitko, V. 1976. Levels of chlorinated hydrocarbons in eggs of Double-crested Cormorants from 1971 to 1975. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 16:399-405.