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Measurements
See Appendix 1 . In general, individuals from Europe, Asia, and Africa have longer culmen, wing, tarsus, and tail than individuals from North America. For measurements of European, Middle Eastern, African, and Asian birds, see Cramp 1985 and Olsen and Larsson 1995 . Males slightly but not significantly lighter in weight than females. Substantial overlap in all characters; sexes cannot be distinguished by external measurements, though male appears to have longer culmen than female (Quinn 1990, FJC).
Cuthbert, Francesca J. and Linda R. Wires. 1999. Caspian Tern (Hydroprogne caspia), The Birds of North America Online (A. Poole, Ed.). Ithaca: Cornell Lab of Ornithology; Retrieved from the Birds of North America Online: http://bna.birds.cornell.edu/bna/species/403
