Distribution

Breeding Range

Figure 1 . C. a. arcticola: n. Alaska, north of Lisburne Peninsula to Cape Bathurst, Northwest Territories. Most common between Point Barrow and Prudhoe Bay, AK, rare east to Canadian border, no records in Yukon Territory, few records in n. Mackenzie District (Johnson and Herter 1989). High postbreeding abundance on breeding grounds reported at Colville River Delta, AK (Andres 1989); this may be due to large expanses of mudflats available there, but comparable data from other areas lacking. Appears to be a zone of overlap with C. a. pacifica around the Lisburne Peninsula, perhaps as far south as Cape Prince of Wales (Bailey 1948); this needs study.

C. a. pacifica: coastal w. Alaska including the north side of the Alaska Peninsula (REG) north to Point Hope (Gabrielson and Lincoln 1959).

C. a. hudsonia: n. Canada, Victoria I., Northwest Territories, to west sides of Hudson and James bays (Godfrey 1986); confirmed breeding as far east as sw. Baffin I. (Martin et al. 1988).

Winter Range

Figure 1 . C. a. pacifica regularly as far north as coastal s. Alaska (small numbers); common at coastal sites from s. British Columbia to California and s. Baja California (Todd 1953, MacLean and Holmes 1971, DeSante and Pyle 1986); common in interior California (Central Valley), especially in wet years; numbers on California coast negatively correlated with levels of fall–winter rainfall (Warnock et al. 1995). Winters on both coasts of Baja California and on Pacific Coast of Mexico from Sonora south to Nayarit, scarce in interior (Howell and Webb 1995); these birds probably C. a. pacifica, but measurements from these regions would be helpful. C. a. hudsonia rare as far north as New Brunswick and Nova Scotia; common from New Jersey south to s. Florida (MacLean and Holmes 1971, DeSante and Pyle 1986). Occasional inland in Florida (Robertson and Woolfenden 1992). Winters west along Gulf Coast to Texas (Wenink et al. 1993) where common on the coast and in rice fields, otherwise scarce to rare in interior (Oberholser 1974, S. Skagen pers. comm.). Winters south along coast of Mexico from Tamaulipas to n. Veracruz and on the northern coast of Yucatán Peninsula (Howell and Webb 1995). Rare in Cuba. Casual south to Costa Rica and Panama (probably C. a. hudsonia ?) (Ridgely and Gwynne 1989). Rarely reaches South America; single records from Peru and Argentina, subspecies unknown (Kieser 1982). For winter range of C. a. arcticola, see below.

Breeding Range

For races not breeding in North America: Chukchi Peninsula west to Scandinavia, Iceland, East Greenland, and subarctic including Great Britain, Baltic Sea region, and Russian Far East (Cramp and Simmons 1983).

Wintering Range

C. a. arcticola from Alaska apparently moves west, migrating down east side of Siberia and Asia to Japan and China (MacLean and Holmes 1971, Norton 1971). Rare but regular migrant to Oceania, particularly Hawaiian Is. (Pratt et al. 1987); subspecies uncertain.

For races not breeding in North America ( East Asia, Near and Middle East, Asia, Mediterranean, Europe, and West Africa) see Cramp and Simmons (1983) and Hayman et al. (1986).

No data.

No information.