Already a subscriber? Sign in Don't have a subscription? Subscribe Now
Snowy Plover
Charadrius nivosus
Order
CHARADRIIFORMES
– Family
CHARADRIIDAE
Authors: Page, G. W., J. S. Warriner, J. C. Warriner, and P. W. Paton
Revisors: Page, Gary W., and Lynne E. Stenzel

Bibliography

Agee, A. 1997. Killdeer hatches in a Snowy Plover nest. Western Birds 28(2):115.

Alcorn, J. R. 1942. Birds affected by botulism at Soda Lake, Nevada. Condor 44:80-81.

Alcorn, J. R. 1988. The birds of Nevada. Fairview West Publishing, Fallon, NV.

Amat, J. A. 1998. Mixed clutches in shorebird nests: why are they so uncommon? Wader Study Group Bulletin 85:55-59.

Amat, J. A. 1999. Foot losses of metal banded Snowy Plovers. Journal of Field Ornithology 70(4):555-557.

Amat, J. A., R. M. Fraga, and G. M. Arroyo. 1999b. Replacement clutches by Kentish Plovers. Condor 101(4):746-751.

Amat, J. A., R. M. Fraga, and G. M. Arroyo. 1999c. Brood desertion and polygamous breeding in the Kentish Plover Charadrius alexandrinus. Ibis 141(4):596-607.

Amat, J. A., R. M. Fraga, and G. M. Arroyo. 2001a. Variations in body condition and egg characteristics of female Kentish Plovers Charadruis alexanderinus. Ardea 89(2):293-299.

Amat, J. A., R. M. Fraga, and G. M. Arroyo. 2001b. Intraclutch egg-size variation and offspring survival in the Kentish Plover Charadrius alexandrinus. Ibis 143(1):17-23.

Amat, J. A. and J. A. Masero. 2004a. How Kentish plovers, Charadrius alexandrinus, cope with heat stress during incubation. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 56(1):26-33.

Amat, J. A. and J. A. Masero. 2007. The functions of belly-soaking in Kentish Plovers Charadrius alexandrinus. Ibis 149(1):91-97.

American Ornithologists' Union. 1957. Check-list of North American birds. 5th ed. Am. Ornithol. Union, Washington, D.C.

American Ornithologists' Union. 1983. Check-list of North American birds. 6th ed. Am. Ornithol. Union, Washington, D.C.

Andrews, R. and R. Righter. 1992. Colorado Birds. Denver Mus. Nat. Hist. Denver.

Baumgartner, F. M. and A. M. Baumgartner. 1992. Oklahoma bird life. Univ. of Oklahoma Press, Norman.

Bent, A. C. 1929. Life histories of North American Shore Birds, Pt. 2. U.S. Natl. Mus. Bull. 146.

Binford, L. C. 1989. A distributional survey of the birds of the Mexican state of Oaxaca. Ornithol. Monogr. 43.

Blake, E. R. 1977. Manual of neotropical birds. Vol. 1. Univ. of Chicago Press, Chicago.

Bostwick, K. S. and M. J. Brady. 2002. Phylogenetic analysis of wing feather taxis in birds: Macroevolutionary patterns of genetic drift? Auk 119(4):943-954.

Boyd, R. L. 1972. Breeding biology of the Snowy Plover at Cheyenne Bottoms Waterfowl Management Area, Barton County, Kansas. Master's Thesis. Emporia State Univ. Emporia, KS.

Buchanan, J. B., S. G. Herman, and J. B. Bulger. 1991. Observations of courtship and copulatory behavior of the Snowy Plover in the western Great Basin. Northwest. Nat. 72:72-74.

Castro, G. and J. P. Myers. 1988. Snowy Plover (Charadrius alexandrinus) records from Panama. Am. Birds 42:374.

Chase III, C. A. 1991. Population status of the Snowy Plover breeding and wintering on Eglin Air Force Base. Dep. Biol. Sci., Florida State Univ. Tallahassee, FL.

Chase III, C. A. and J. A. Gore. 1989. Snowy Plover breeding distribution. Florida Game and Fresh Water Fish Commission, Tallahassee.

Coffey, Jr., B. B. 1961. Some shorebird records from Mexico. Wilson Bull. 73:207-208.

Colwell, M. A., K. M. Brindock, N. S. Burrell, M. A. Hardy, J. J. Muir, S. A. Peterson, S. E. McAllister, K. G. Ross, and R. R. LeValley. 2008. Final report: 2008 Snowy Plover breeding in coastal northern California, recovery unit 2. Department of Wildlife, Humboldt State University, Arcata, CA.

Colwell, M. A., S. J. Hurley, T. N. Hall, and S. J. Dinsmore. 2007a. Age-related survival and behavior of Snowy Plover chicks. Condor 109(3):638-647.

Colwell, M. A., S. E. McAllister, C. B. Millett, A. N. Transou, S. M. Mullin, Z. J. Nelson, C. A. Wilson, and R. R. Levalley. 2007b. Philopatry and natal dispersal of the Western Snowy Plover. Wilson Journal of Ornithology 119(3):378-385.

Colwell, M. A., C. B. Millett, J. J. Meyer, J. N. Hall, S. J. Hurley, S. E. McAllister, A. N. Transou, and R. R. LeValley. 2005. Snowy Plover reproductive success in beach and river habitats. Journal of Field Ornithology 76(4):373-382.

Conway, W. C., L. M. Smith, and J. D. Ray. 2005. Shorebird breeding biology in wetlands of the Playa Lakes, Texas, USA. Waterbirds 28(2):129-138.

Cramp, S. and K. E. L. Simmons, (Eds.). 1983. The birds of the western Palearctic. Vol. 3. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK.

Dod, A. S. 1978. Aves de la Republica Dominica. Museo Nacional de Historia Natural, Santo Domingo.

Doonan, T. J., K. M. Lamonte, and N. Douglass. 2006. Distribution and abundance of Piping Plovers and Snowy Plovers in Florida. Proceedings of the Symposium on the Wintering Ecology and Conservation of Piping Plovers (Rabon, D. R., Ed.) U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Raleigh, N.C.

Dugan, J. E., D. M. Hubbard, M. D. McCrary, and M. O. Pierson. 2003. The response of macrofauna communities and shorebirds to macrophyte wrack subsidies on exposed sandy beaches of southern California. Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science 58:25-40.

Elliott-Smith, E., S. M. Haig, C. L. Ferland, and L. R. Gorman. 2004. Winter distribution and abundance of Snowy Plovers in SE North America and the West Indies. Wader Study Group Bulletin 104:28-33.

Eng, R. L. 1981. Breeding record for the Snowy Plover for Montana. Condor 83:273.

Feeney, L. R. and W. A. Maffei. 1991. Snowy Plovers and their habitat at the Baumberg area and Oliver salt ponds, Hayward, California, March 1989 through May 1990. City of Hayward, Hayward, CA.

Fisher, M. R. 1993. Western Snowy Plover (Charadrinus alexandrius nivosus) seasonal distribution and productivity near Humbolt Bay, CA. Wildlife Dept., Humbolt State Univ. Arcata, CA.

Foppen, R. R., F. A. Majoor, F. J. Willems, P. L. Meininger, G. C. Van Houwelingen, and P. A. Wolf. 2006. Survival and emigration rates in Kentish Charadrius alexandrinus and Ringed plovers Ch. hiaticula in the Delta area, SW-Netherlands. Ardea 94(2):159-173.

Fraga, R. M. and J. A. Amat. 1996. Breeding biology of a Kentish Plover (Charadrius alexandrinus) population in an inland saline lake. Ardeola 43(1):69-85.

Funk, W. C., T. D. Mullins, and S. M. Haig. 2007. Conservation genetics of Snowy Plovers (Charadrius alexandrinus) in the Western Hemisphere: population genetic structure and delineation of subspecies. Conservation Genetics 8:1287-1309.

Garrido, O. and A. Kirkconnell. 1993. Checklist of Cuban birds. O. Garrido and A. Kirkconnell, Havana.

Gilligan, J., D. Rogers, M. Smith, and A. Contreras. 1994. Birds of Oregon: status and distribution. Cinclus Publ. McMinnville, OR.

Gollop, B. 1987. Prairie provinces region; nesting season. Am. Birds 41:1452.

Gore, J. A. 1997. Rare and endangered biota in Florida. Vol. 5. Univ. Press of Florida, Gainesville.

Gorman, L. R. and S. M. Haig. 2002. Distribution and abundance of Snowy Plovers in eastern North America, the Caribbean, and the Bahamas. Journal of Field Ornithology 73(1):38-52.

Grant, G. S. 1982. Avian incubation: egg temperature, nest humidity, and behavioral thermoregulation in a hot environment. Ornithol. Monogr. 30.

Grover, P. B. and F. L. Knopf. 1982. Habitat requirements and breeding success of Charadriiform birds nesting at Salt Plains National Wildlife Refuge, Oklahoma. J. Field Ornithol. 53:139-148.

Hardy, M. A. and M. A. Colwell. 2008. The impact of predator exclosures on Snowy Plover nesting success: a seven-year study. Wader Study Group Bulletin 115(3):161-166.

Hayman, P., J. Marchant, and T. Prater. 1986. Shorebirds: an identification guide to the waders of the world. Houghton Mifflin Co. Boston.

Herman, S. G., J. B. Bulger, and J. B. Buchanan. 1988. The Snowy Plover in southeastern Oregon and western Nevada. J. Field Ornithol. 59:13-21.

Hill, L. A. 1985. Breeding ecology of interior Least Terns, Snowy Plovers, and American Avocets at Salt Plains National Wildlife Refuge. Master's Thesis. Iowa State Univ. Ames.

Hill, L. A. 1992. Status of the Least Tern and Snowy Plover on the Red River, 1991. U.S. Fish and Wildl. Serv. Tulsa, OK.

Hill, L. A. 1993. Status and distribution of the Least Tern in Oklahoma. Bull. Okla. Ornithol. Soc. 26:9-24.

Himes, J. G., N. J. Douglass, R. A. Pruner, A. M. Croft, and E. M. Seckinger. 2006. Status and distribution of Snowy Plover in Florida. Study final report. Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, Tallahassee, FL.

Hoffmann, A. 2005. Incubation behavior of female Western Snowy Plovers (Charadrius alexandrinus nivosus) on sandy beaches. M.S. thesis. Humboldt State University, Arcata, CA.

Hood, S. L. and S. J. Dinsmore. 2007a. Abundance of Snowy and Wilson's Plovers in the lower Laguna Madre region of Texas. Journal of Field Ornithology 78(4):362-368.

Hood, S. L. and S. J. Dinsmore. 2007b. The influence of habitat on nest survival of Snowy and Wilson's plovers in the lower Laguna Madre region of Texas. Studies in Avian Biology 34:124-135.

Hothem, R. L. and A. N. Powell. 2000. Contaminants in eggs of Western Snowy Plovers and California Least Terns: Is there a link to population decline? Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 65(1):42-50.

Howard, R. and A. Moore. 1994. A complete checklist of the birds of the world. 2nd ed. Academic Press, San Diego.

Howell, A. H. 1924. Birds of Alabama. Browning Printing Co. Montgomery, AL.

Howell, S. N. G., C. Corben, P. Pyle, and D. I. Rogers. 2003. The first basic problem: A review of molt and plumage homologies. Condor 105(4):635-653.

Howell, S. N. G., C. Corben, P. Pyle, and D. I. Rogers. 2004. The first basic problem revisited: Reply to commentaries on Howell et al. (2003). Condor 106(1):206-210.

Howell, S. N. G. and S. Webb. 1994. Occurrence of Snowy and Collared plovers in the interior of Mexico. West. Birds 25:146-150.

Howell, S. N. G. and S. Webb. 1995. A guide to the birds of Mexico and northern Central America. Oxford Univ. Press, Oxford.

Hubbard, J. P. 1985. New Mexico; spring migration. Am. Birds 39:336-338.

Hubbard, J. P. 1987. New Mexico; spring migration. Am. Birds 41:473-475.

Humphrey, P. S. and K. C. Parkes. 1959. An approach to the study of molts and plumages. Auk 76(1):1-31.

Hutchinson, E. S., G. W. Page, and P. E. Persons. 1987. The nesting of Snowy Plovers on Morro Bay sand spit during and after the 1987 maintenance dredging of Morro Bay Harbor. Pt. Reyes Bird Observatory, Stinson Beach, CA.

Ivey, G. L. 1984. Some recent nesting records for the Snowy Plover in the San Joaquin Valley, California. West. Birds 15:189.

Johnsgard, P. A. 1981. The plovers, sandpipers and snipes of the world. Univ. of Nebraska Press, Lincoln.

Joseph, L., E. P. Lessa, and L. Christidis. 1999. Phylogeny and biogeography in the evolution of migration: shorebirds of the Charadrius complex. Journal of Biogeography 26(2):329-342.

Kennerley, P. R., D. N. Bakewell, and P. D. Round. 2008. Rediscovery of a long-lost Charadrius plover from South-east Asia. Forktail 24:63-79.

Kingery, H. E. 1983. Mountain west region; the nesting season. Am. Birds 37:1010-1013.

Kingery, H. E. 1990. Mountain west region; the nesting season. Am. Birds 44:1161-1164.

Kis, J. and T. Székely. 2003. Sexually dimorphic breast-feathers in the Kentish Plover Charadrius alexandrinus. Acta Zoologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 49(2):103-110.

Klass, E. E. 1968. Summer birds from Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico. Univ. Kans. Publ. Mus. Nat. Hist. 17:579-611.

Koenen, M. T., D. M. Leslie, and M. Gregory. 1996a. Habitat changes and success of artificial nests on an alkaline flat. Wilson Bulletin 108(2):292-301.

Koenen, M. T., R. B. Utych, and D. M. Leslie. 1996b. Methods used to improve Least Tern and Snowy Plover nesting success on alkaline flats. Journal of Field Ornithology 67(2):281-291.

Kosztolányi, A. and T. Székely. 2002. Using a transponder system to monitor incubation routines of Snowy Plovers. Journal of Field Ornithology 73(2):199-205.

Kosztolányi, A., T. Székely, and I. C. Cuthill. 2003. Why do both parents incubate in the Kentish Plover? Ethology 109(8):645-658.

Kuwae, T. 2007. Diurnal and nocturnal feeding rate in Kentish Plovers Charadrius alexandrinus on an intertidal flat as recorded by telescopic video systems. Marine Biology 151(2):663-673.

Küpper, C., J. Augustin, A. Kosztolányi, T. Burke, J. Figuerola, and T. Székely. 2009. Kentish versus Snowy Plover: Phenotypic and genetic analysis of Charadrius alexandrinus reveal divergence of Eurasian and American subspecies. Auk 126(4):839-852.

Küpper, C., J. Kis, A. Kosztolányi, T. Székely, I. C. Cuthill, and D. Blomqvist. 2004. Genetic mating system and timing of extra-pair fertilizations in the Kentish Plover. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 57(1):32-39.

Lafferty, K. D. 2001. Disturbance to wintering Western Snowy Plovers. Biological Conservation 101(3):315-325.

Lafferty, K. D., D. Goodman, and C. P. Sandoval. 2006. Restoration of breeding by Snowy Plovers following protection from disturbance. Biodiversity and Conservation 15(7):2217-2230.

Lauten, D. J., K. A. Castelein, D. C. Bailey, T. Lewis, and E. P. Gaines. 2008. The distribution and reproductive success of the Western Snowy Plover along the Oregon Coast - 2008. Institute for Natural Resources, Oregon State University, Portland, OR.

Lee, G. C. 1989. Breeding ecology and habitat use patterns of Snowy and Wilson's plovers at the Cabo Rojo salt flats, Puerto Rico. Master's Thesis. Clemson Univ. Clemson, SC.

Lendvai, A. Z., J. Kis, T. Székely, and I. C. Cuthill. 2004a. An investigation of mate choice based on manipulation of multiple ornaments in Kentish Plovers. Animal Behaviour 67:703-709.

Lendvai, A. Z., A. Liker, and J. Kis. 2004b. Male badge size is related to clutch volume in the Kentish Plover. Ornis Hungarica 14:1-7.

Lessells, C. M. 1983. The mating system of Kentish Plovers Charadrius alexandrinus: some observations and experiments. Wader Study Group Bulletin 43.

Lessells, C. M. 1984. The mating system of Kentish Plovers Charadrius alexandrinus. Ibis 126(4):474-483.

Lewis, J. C., K. L. Sallee, and R. T. Golightly. 1999. Introduction and range expansion of nonnative Red Foxes (Vulpes vulpes) in California. American Midland Naturalist 142(2):372-381.

Mabee, T. J. 1997. Using eggshell evidence to determine nest fate of shorebirds. Wilson Bulletin 109(2):307-313.

Mabee, T. J. and V. B. Estelle. 2000. Nest fate and vegetation characteristics for Snowy Plover and Killdeer in Colorado, USA. Wader Study Group Bulletin 93:67-72.

Mabee, T. J., J. H. Plissner, S. M. Haig, and J. P. Goossen. 2001. Winter distributions of North American plovers in the Laguna Madre regions of Tamaulipas, Mexico and Texas, USA. Wader Study Group Bulletin 94:39-43.

Mangan, L., K. Palermo, K. Kritz, C. Phillips, P. Sleegar, M. Stern, and G. S. Mauseth. 2001. Emergency restoration for the Western Snowy Plover following the New Carissa spill. Proceedings of the 2001 International Oil Spill Conference. American Petroleum Institute, Washington, D.C.

Mayfield, H. F. 1961. Nesting success calculated from exposure. Wilson Bull. 73:255-261.

Mayr, E. and L. L. Short. 1970. Species taxa of North American birds. Publ. Nuttall Ornithol. Club no. 9.

Mellink, E. and E. Palacios. 1993. Notes on breeding coastal waterbirds in northwestern Sonora. Western Birds 24(1):29-37.

Mellink, E., E. Palacios, and S. Gonzalez. 1996. Notes on nesting birds of the Cienega de Santa Clara saltflat, northwestern Sonora, Mexico. Western Birds 27(4):202-203.

Mellink, E. and M. Riojas-Lopez. 2005. New breeding localities for the Snowy Plover in western Mexico. Western Birds 36(2):141-143.

Molina, K. C. 2008. Gull-billed Tern (Gelochelidion nilotica). Pages 187-192 in California bird species of special concern. Studies of Western Birds 1. (Shuford, W. D. and T. Gardali, Eds.) Western Field Ornithologists, Camarillo, CA.

Monroe, Jr., B. L. 1968. A distributional survey of the birds of Honduras. Ornithol. Monogr. 7.

Monson, G. and A. R. Phillips. 1981. Annotated checklist of the birds of Arizona. 2nd ed. Univ. of Arizona Press, Tucson.

Morrison, M. L. and L. F. Kiff. 1979. Eggshell thickness in American shorebirds before and since DDT. Can. Field-Nat. 93:187-190.

Mullin, S. M. 2006. Apparent survival and population growth of Western Snowy Plovers (Charadrius alexandrinus nivosus) in Humboldt County, California. M.S. thesis. Humboldt State University, Arcata, CA.

Myers, J. P., P. G. Connors, and F. A. Pitelka. 1979. Territoriality in non-breeding shorebirds. Pages 231-246 in Shorebirds in marine environments. (Pitelka, F. A., Ed.) Studies Avian Biol. 2.

Neuman, K. K., G. W. Page, L. E. Stenzel, J. C. Warriner, and J. S. Warriner. 2004. Effect of mammalian predator management on Snowy Plover breeding success. Waterbirds 27(3):257-263.

Nicholls, J. L. and G. A. Baldassarre. 1990. Habitat associations of Piping Plovers wintering in the United States. Wilson Bull. 102:581-590.

Norte, A. C. and J. A. Ramos. 2004. Nest-site selection and breeding biology of Kentish Plover Charadrius alexandrinus on sandy beaches of the Portuguese west coast. Ardeola 51(2):255-268.

O'Brien, M., R. Crossley, and K. Karlson. 2006. The shorebird guide. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, MA.

Oberholser, H. C. 1974. The bird life of Texas. Univ. of Texas Press, Austin.

Page, G. W., F. C. Bidstrup, R. J. Ramer, and L. E. Stenzel. 1986. Distribution of wintering Snowy Plovers in California and adjacent states. West. Birds 17:145-170.

Page, G. W., K. K. Neuman, J. C. Warriner, J. S. Warriner, C. R. Eyster, J. Erbes, D. Dixon, and A. Palkovic. 2008. Nesting of the Snowy Plover at Monterey Bay and on beaches of northern Santa Cruz County, California in 2008. PRBO Conservation Science, Pataluma, CA.

Page, G. W., E. Palacios, L. Alfaro, S. Gonzalez, L. E. Stenzel, and M. Jungers. 1997. Numbers of wintering shorebirds in coastal wetlands of Baja California, Mexico. Journal of Field Ornithology 68(4):562-574.

Page, G. W., P. L. Quinn, and J. C. Warriner. 1989. Comparison of the breeding of hand- and wild-reared Snowy Plovers. Conserv. Biol. 3:198-201.

Page, G. W. and L. E. Stenzel. 1981. The breeding status of the Snowy Plover in California. West. Birds 12:1-40.

Page, G. W., L. E. Stenzel, and C. A. Ribic. 1985. Nest site selection and clutch predation in the Snowy Plover. Auk 102:347-353.

Page, G. W., L. E. Stenzel, W. D. Shuford, and C. R. Bruce. 1991. Distribution and abundance of the Snowy Plover on its western North American breeding grounds. J. Field Ornithol. 62:245-255.

Page, G. W., M. A. Stern, and P. W. C. Paton. 1995. Differences in wintering areas of Snowy Plovers from inland breeding sites in western North America. Condor 97:258-262.

Page, G. W., D. W. Winkler, and C. W. Swarth. 1979. Breeding success of Snowy Plovers at Mono Lake, California. Pt. Reyes Bird Observatory, Stinson Beach, CA.

Page, G. W., D. W. Winkler, and C. W. Swarth. 1983. Spacing out at Mono Lake: breeding success, nest density and predation in the Snowy Plover. Auk 100:13-24.

Palacios, E., L. Alfaro, and G. W. Page. 1994. Distribution and abundance of breeding Snowy Plovers on the Pacific coast of Baja California. J. Field Ornithol. 65:490-497.

Palacios, E. and E. Mellink. 1995. Breeding birds of Esteros Tobari and San Jose, southern Sonora. Western Birds 26(2):99-103.

Palmer, R. S. 1967a. Species accounts. Pages 143-167 in The shorebirds of North America. (Stout, G. C., Ed.) Viking Press, New York, NY.

Palmer, R. S. 1967b. Plumage descriptions. Pages 139-141 in The shorebirds of North America. (Stout, G. C., Ed.) Viking Press, New York, NY.

Paton, P. W. C. 1994a. Breeding ecology of Snowy Plovers at Great Salt Lake, Utah. Phd Thesis. Utah State Univ. Logan.

Paton, P. W. C. 1994b. Survival estimates for Snowy Plovers breeding at Great Salt Lake, Utah. Condor 96:1106-1109.

Paton, P. W. C. 1995. Breeding biology of Snowy Plovers at Great Salt Lake, Utah. Wilson Bull. 107:275-288.

Paton, P. W. C. and T. C. Edwards, Jr. 1990. Status and nesting ecology of the Snowy Plover at Great Salt Lake-1990. Utah Birds 6:49-66.

Paton, P. W. C. and T. C. Edwards, Jr. 1992. Nesting ecology of the Snowy Plover at Great Salt Lake, Utah-1992 breeding season. Dep. Fish. and Wildl. Utah State Univ., Logan.

Paulson, D. 2005. Shorebirds of North America: the photographic guide. Princeton Univ. Press, Princeton, NJ.

Paulson, D. and D. Paulson. 1993. Shorebirds of the Pacific Northwest. Univ. of Washington Press, Seattle, WA.

Pearson, S. F., C. Sundstrom, K. Gunther, D. Jaques, and K. Brennan. 2008. Snowy Plover population monitoring, research, and management actions: 2008 nesting season research progress report. Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, Olympia, WA.

Persons, P. E. 1994. Western Snowy Plover monitoring in 1993 at Vandenberg Air Force Base, California. U.S. Fish and Wildl. Serv. Ventura, CA.

Peterlein, C. R. 2008. Monitoring Western Snowy Plovers at Point Reyes National Seashore, Marin County, California, 2008 annual report. NPS/SFAN/NRTR - 2008. National Park Service, Fort Collins, CO.

Powell, A. N. 2001. Habitat characteristics and nest success of Snowy Plovers associated with California Least Tern colonies. Condor 103(4):785-792.

Powell, A. N. and C. L. Collier. 2000. Habitat use and reproductive success of Western Snowy Plovers at new nesting areas created for California Least Terns. Journal of Wildlife Management 64(1):24-33.

Powell, A. N., C. L. Firtz, B. L. Peterson, and J. M. Terp. 2002. Status of breeding and wintering Snowy Plovers in San Diego County, California, 1994-1999. Journal of Field Ornithology 73(2):156-165.

Prater, A. J., J. H. Marchant, and J. Vuorinen. 1977. Guide to the identification and ageing of Holarctic waders. BTO Guide 17, British Trust for Ornithology, Tring, UK.

Prudenell-Bruce, P. G. C. 1975. The birds of the Bahamas. Taplinger Publ. Co. New York.

Purdue, J. R. 1976a. Adaptations of the Snowy Plover on the Great Salt Plains, Oklahoma. Southwest. Nat. 21:347-357.

Purdue, J. R. 1976b. Thermal environment of the nest and related parental behavior in Snowy Plovers, Charadrius alexandrinus. Condor 78:180-185.

Purdue, J. R. and H. Haines. 1977. Salt water tolerance and water turnover in the Snowy Plover. Auk 94:248-255.

Pyle, P. 2008. Identification guide to North American birds. Part II: Anatidae to Alcidae. Slate Creek Press, Point Reyes Station, CA.

Raffaele, H., J. Wiley, O. Garrido, A. Keith, and J. Raffaele. 1998. Birds of the West Indies. Princeton Univ. Press, Princeton, NJ.

Raffaele, H. A. 1989. A guide to the birds of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands. 2nd ed. Princeton Univ. Press. Princeton, NJ.

Reeder, W. G. 1951. Stomach analysis of a group of shorebirds. Condor 53:43-45.

Ridgely, R. S. and J. A. Gwynne. 1989. A guide to the birds of Panama: with Costa Rica, Nicaragua, and Honduras. 2nd ed. Princeton Univ. Press, Princeton, NJ.

Ridgway, R. 1919. The birds of North and Middle America. Pt. XIII. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. No. 50(8):1-852.

Robertson, Jr., W. B. and G. E. Woolfenden. 1992. Florida bird species: an annotated list. Fla. Ornithol. Soc. Spec. Publ. 6.

Root, T. L. 1988. Atlas of wintering North American birds: an analysis of Christmas Bird Count data. Univ. of Chicago Press, Chicago.

Rosair, D. and D. Cottridge. 1995. Photographic guide to the shorebirds of the world. Facts on File, New York, NY.

Roster, D. L., W. L. Hohman, and D. A. Barnum. 1992. Use of agricultural drainwater impoundments by Snowy Plovers (Charadrius alexandrinus nivosus) in the southern San Joaquin Valley, California. Pages 229-235 in Endangered and sensitive species of the San Joaquin Valley, California: their biology, management, and conservation. (Williams, D. F., S. Byrne, and T. A. Rado, Eds.) Calif. Energy Commission, Sacramento.

Ruhlen, T. D., S. Abbott, L. E. Stenzel, and G. W. Page. 2003. Evidence that human disturbance reduces Snowy Plover chick survival. Journal of Field Ornithology 74(3):300-304.

Ruhlen, T. D., G. W. Page, and L. E. Stenzel. 2006. Effects of a changing environment on nesting Snowy Plovers at Owens Lake, California. Western Birds 37(3):126-138.

Sandercock, B. K., T. Székely, and A. Kosztolányi. 2005. The effects of age and sex on the apparent survival of Kentish Plovers breeding in southern Turkey. Condor 107(3):583-596.

Schwarzbach, S. E., M. Stephenson, T. Ruhlen, S. Abbott, G. W. Page, and D. Adams. 2005. Elevated mercury concentrations in failed eggs of Snowy Plovers at Point Reyes National Seashore. Marine Pollution Bulletin 50(11):1444-1447.

Shuford, W. D., S. Abbott, and T. D. Ruhlen. 2008. Snowy Plover (Charadrius alexandrinus). Pages 173-179 in California bird species of special concern. Studies of Western Birds 1. (Shuford, W. D. and T. Gardali, Eds.) Western Field Ornithologists, Camarillo, CA.

Shuford, W. D., G. W. Page, and C. M. Hickey. 1995. Distribution and abundance of Snowy Plovers wintering in the interior of California and adjacent states. West. Birds 26: in press.

Sibley, C. G. and B. L. Monroe, Jr. 1990. Distribution and taxonomy of birds of the world. Yale Univ. Press, London.

Stein, R. 1993. Population size and reproductive success of Snowy Plovers at Skunk Point, Santa Rosa Island. Pt. Reyes Bird Observatory, Stinson Beach, CA.

Stenzel, L. E., G. W. Page, J. C. Warriner, J. S. Warriner, D. E. George, C. R. Eyster, B. A. Ramer, and K. K. Neuman. 2007. Survival and natal dispersal of juvenile Snowy Plovers (Charadrius alexandrinus) in central coastal California. Auk 124(3):1023-1036.

Stenzel, L. E., J. C. Warriner, J. S. Warriner, K. S. Wilson, F. C. Bidstrup, and G. W. Page. 1994. Long-distance breeding dispersal of Snowy Plovers in western North America. J. Anim. Ecol. 63:887-902.

Stern, M. A., K. A. Kristensen, and J. F. Morawski. 1990. Investigations of Snowy Plovers at Abert Lake, Lake Co., Oregon. The Nature Conservancy, Portland, OR.

Stevenson, H. M. and B. H. Anderson. 1994. The birdlife of Florida. Univ. Press of Florida, Gainesville.

Sutton, G. M. 1967. Oklahoma birds. Univ. of Oklahoma Press, Norman.

Swarth, C. W. 1983. Foraging ecology of Snowy Plovers and the distribution of their arthropod prey at Mono Lake, California. Master's thesis. Calif. State Univ. Hayward.

Szentirmai, I., A. Kosztolányi, and T. Székely. 2001. Daily changes in body mass of incubating Kentish Plovers. Ornis Hungarica 11(1-2):27-32.

Szentirmai, I. and T. Székely. 2002. Do Kentish Plovers regulate the amount of their nest material? An experimental test. Behaviour 139:847-859.

Székely, T. 1991. Status and breeding biology of Kentish plover Charadrius alexandrinus in Hungary - a progress report. Wader Study Group Bulletin 17-23.

Székely, T. 1992. Reproduction of Kentish Plover Charadrius alexandrinus in grasslands and fish-ponds: the habitat mal-assessment hypothesis. Aquila a Madartani Intezet Evkonyve 99:59-68.

Székely, T. 1996. Brood desertion in Kentish Plover Charadrius alexandrinus: An experimental test of parental quality and remating opportunities. Ibis 138(4):749-755.

Székely, T. and I. C. Cuthill. 1999. Brood desertion in Kentish Plover: the value of parental care. Behavioral Ecology 10(2):191-197.

Székely, T. and I. C. Cuthill. 2000. Trade-off between mating opportunities and parental care: brood desertion by female Kentish Plovers. Proceedings of the Royal Society B-Biological Sciences 267(1457):2087-2092.

Székely, T., I. C. Cuthill, and J. Kis. 1999. Brood desertion in Kentish Plover: sex differences in remating opportunities. Behavioral Ecology 10(2):185-190.

Székely, T., I. C. Cuthill, S. Yezerinac, R. Griffiths, and J. Kis. 2004. Brood sex ratio in the Kentish Plover. Behavioral Ecology 15(1):58-62.

Székely, T., I. Karsai, and T. D. Williams. 1994. Determination of clutch size in the Kentish Plover Charadrius alexandrinus. Ibis 136(3):341-348.

Székely, T. and C. M. Lessells. 1993. Mate change by Kentish Plovers Charadrius alexandrinus. Ornis Scandinavica 24(4):317-322.

Székely, T. and T. D. Williams. 1994. Factors affecting timing of brood desertion by female Kentish Plovers Charadrius alexandrinus. Behaviour 130:17-28.

Thompson, M. C. and C. Ely. 1989. Birds in Kansas. Univ. Kans. Mus. Nat. Hist. Spec. Ed. Ser. no. 11.

Tucker, M. A. and A. N. Powell. 1999. Snowy Plover diets in 1995 at a coastal southern California breeding site. Western Birds 30(1):44-48.

Tuttle, D. C., R. Stein, and G. Lester. 1997. Snowy Plover nesting on Eel River Gravel Bars, Humboldt County. Western Birds 28(3):174-176.

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 2007. Recovery plan for the Pacific Coast poulation of the Western Snowy Plover (Charadrius alexandrinus nivosus). U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Sacramento, CA.

Valle, R. and F. Scarton. 1999. Habitat selection and nesting association in four species of Charadriiformes in the Po Delta (Italy). Ardeola 46(1):1-12.

Voous, K. H. 1983. Birds of the Netherlands Antilles. 2nd ed. De Walburg Press, Netherlands.

Warriner, J. S., J. C. Warriner, G. W. Page, and L. E. Stenzel. 1986. Mating system and reproductive success of a small population of polygamous Snowy Plovers. Wilson Bull. 98:15-37.

Wehtje, W. and T. Baron. 1993. Population size and breeding success of the Western Snowy Plover on San Nicolas Island, 1993. West. Found. Vert. Zool. Camarillo, CA.

Widrig, R. S. 1980. Snowy Plovers at Leadbetter Point. Willapa National Wildlife Refuge, U.S. Fish and Wildl. Serv. Ilwaco, WA.

Wiersma, P. 1996. Family Charadriidae (plovers): Species accounts. Pages 410-xx in Handbook of the Birds of the World. Vol. 3 (Del Hoyo, J., A. Elliott, and J. Sargatal, Eds.) Lynx Edicions, Barcelona.

Williams, F. G. 1988. Southern Great Plains region; the winter season. Am. Birds 42:282-286.

Williams, G. G. 1938. Notes on waterbirds of the upper Texas coast. Auk 55:62-70.

Wilson-Jacobs, R. and E. C. Meslow. 1984. Distribution, abundance, and nesting characteristics of Snowy Plovers on the Oregon coast. Northwest Sci. 58:40-48.

Winton, B. R., D. M. Leslie, and J. R. Rupert. 2000. Breeding ecology and management of Snowy Plovers in north-central Oklahoma. Journal of Field Ornithology 71(4):573-584.

Zdravkovic, M. 2006. Breeding distribution, abundance, and habitat use of Snowy and Wilson's plovers and other beach nesting birds in coastal Texas, Louisiana, and Mississippi. Shorebird science in the Western Hemisphere meeting 27 February-2 March 2006. Wader Study Group Bull. 109, Boulder, CO.

Zdravkovic, M. 2008. Beach-nesting bird breeding census and report for coastal Alabama - 2007. Coastal Bird Conservation Program, National Audubon Society, New York.

Zdravkovic, M. and S. Hecker. 2004. The 2004 coastal Texas breeding Snowy and Wilson plover census report. Coastal Bird Conservation Program, National Audubon Society, New York.

Zdravkovic, M., S. Hecker, and S. Liptay. 2006. Abundance, distribution, and habitat use of breeding Snowy Plovers (Charadrius alexandrinus) in Laguna Madre de Tamaulipas, Mexico. Coastal Bird Conservation Program, National Audubon Society, New York.