Bibliography

Alpers, J. 1991. To everything (tern, tern, tern) there is a season. Science 253:740-741.

Amlaner, C. J. 1983. Sleep patterns of Herring Gulls. Phd Thesis. Oxford Univ. Oxford.

Andrews, R. 1990. Coastal waterbird colonies: Maine to Virginia, 1984-85. U.S. Fish and Wildl. Serv. Newton Corner, MA.

Becker, P. H., B. Conrad, and H. Sperveslage. 1980. Comparison of quantities of chlorinated hydrocarbons and PCBs in Herring Gull eggs. Vogelwarte 30:294-296.

Beer, C. G. 1975. Multiple functions and gull displays. Pages 16-53 in Function and evolution in behavior. (Baerends, G., C. Beer, and A. Manning, Eds.) Clarendon Press, Oxford.

Belant, J. L., T. W. Seamans, S. W. Gabrey, and S. K. Ickes. 1993. Importance of landfills to nesting Herring Gulls. Condor 95:817-830.

Bent, A. C. 1921. Life histories of North American gulls and terns. U.S. Natl. Mus. Bull. 113.

Bickart, K. J. 1990. The birds of the late Miocene-early Pliocene Big Sandy Formation. Ornithol. Monogr. 44(1):1-72.

Blodget, B. G. 1988. The half-century battle for gull control. Massachusetts Wildlife 38(2):4-10.

Bloekpoel, H. and G. D. Tessier. 1991. Distribution and abundance of colonial waterbirds nesting in the Canadian portions of the southern Great Lakes system in 1990. Tech. Rep. Series No. 117. Canadian Wildlife Service, Ottawa.

Boss, W. R. 1943. Hormonal determination of adult characters and sex behavior in Herring Gulls (Larus argentatus smithsonianus Coues). J. Exp. Zool. 94:181-210.

Brodkorb, P. 1967. Catalogue of fossil birds: part 3. Ralliformes, Icthyorniformes, Charadriiformes. Bull. Fla. State Mus. 2(3):99-220.

Brown, R. G. B., D. N. Nettleship, P. Germain, C. E. Tull, and T. Davis. 1975. Atlas of eastern Canadian seabirds. Canadian Wildlife Service, Ottawa.

Buckley, P. A. and F. G. Buckley. 1984. Seabirds of the northern and middle Atlantic coasts of the United States. Pages 101-103 in Status and conservation of the world's seabirds. (Croxall, J. P., P. G. H. Evans, and R. W. Schreiber, Eds.) International Council for Bird Preservation, Tech. Pub. no. 2, Cambridge, England.

Burger, J. 1979. Competition and predation: Herring Gulls versus Laughing Gulls. Condor 81:269-277.

Burger, J. 1984. Pattern, mechanism, and adaptive significance of territoriality in Herring Gulls (Larus argentatus). Ornithol. Monogr. 34.

Burger, J. and M. Gochfeld. 1981. Unequal sex ratios and their consequences in Herring Gulls. Behav. Ecol. and Sociobiol. 8:125-128.

Cezilly, F. and P. Y. Quenette. 1988. Role des ecrans naturels attenant au nid chez le Goeland Leucophee (Larus cachinaans michahellis). Alauda 56(1):41-50.

Chabrzyk, G. and J. C. Coulson. 1976. Survival and recruitment in the Herring Gull Larus argentatus. J. Anim. Ecol. 45:187-203.

Chandler, R. M. 1990. Fossil birds of the San Diego Formation, CA. Ornithol. Monogr. 44 part 2:73-161.

Chapdelaine, G. and P. Brousseau. 1991. 13th census of seabird populations in the northern Gulf of St. Lawrence, 1982-1988. Can. Field-Nat. 105:60-66.

Chudzik, J. M., K. D. Graham, and R. D. Morris. 1994. Comparative breeding success and diet of Ring-billed and Herring gulls on S. Limestone Is., Georgian Bay. Colon. Waterbirds 17(1):18-27.

Clutton-Brock, T. H. 1988. Reproductive success: studies of individual variation in contrasting breeding systems. Univ. Chicago Press, Chicago, IL.

Coulson, J. C. 1991. The population dynamics of culling Herring Gulls and Lesser Black-backed Gulls. Pages 479-497 in Bird population studies: relevance to conservation and management. (Perrins, C. M., J. D. Lebretton, and G. J. M. Hirons, Eds.) Oxford Univ. Press, Oxford.

Coulson, J. C. and J. Butterfield. 1986. Studies on a colony of colour-ringed Herring Gulls Larus argentatus: I. Adult survival rates. Bird Study 33:51-54.

Coulson, J. C., P. Monaghan, J. Butterfield, N. Duncan, C. Thomas, and C. Shedden. 1983. Seasonal changes in the Herring Gull in Britain: weight, moult and mortality. Ardea 71:235-244.

Cramp, S. and K. E. L. Simmons. 1983. The birds of the western Palearctic. Vol. 3. Oxford Univ. Press, Oxford, UK.

Davis, J. W. F. 1975. Age, egg-size, and breeding success in the Herring Gull Larus argentatus. Ibis 117:460-473.

Drent, R. 1970. Functional aspects of incubation in Herring Gull. Pages 1-132 in The Herring Gull and its egg. (Baerends, G. P. and R. H. Drent, Eds.) Behavior Suppl. 17.

Drury, W. H. 1973. Population changes in New England seabirds. Bird Banding 44:267-313.

Drury, W. H. and I. C. T. Nisbet. 1972. Movement of Herring Gulls in New England. Wildl. Res. Rep. 2:173-212.

Drury, W. H. and W. J. Smith. 1968. Defense of feeding areas by adult Herring Gulls and intrusion by young. Evolution 22:193-201.

Dumas, J. V. and J. D. Witman. 1993. Predation by Herring Gulls on two rocky intertidal crab species. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 169:89-101.

Dunlap, T. 1988. Saving America's wildlife. Princeton Univ. Press, Princeton, NJ.

Dunn, E. H. 1976. The development of endothermy and existence energy expenditure in Herring Gull chicks. Condor 78:493-498.

Dwight, J. 1925. The gulls (Laridae) of the world; their plumage, moults, variations, relationships, and distribution. Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. 52:63-408.

Dwight, Jr., J. 1901. The sequence of molts and plumages of the Laridae (gulls and terns) Auk 18:49-63.

Dwight, Jr., J. 1920. The plumages of gulls in relation to age as illustrated by the Herring Gull (Larus argentatus) and other species. Auk 37:262-268.

Elkowe, K. D. and S. Payne. 1979. Aging young Herring Gulls from measurement of body parts. Bird Banding 50:49-55.

Evans, D. R., P. M. Cavanagh, T. W. French, and B. G. Blodget. 1995. Identifying the sex of Massachusetts Herring Gulls by linear measurements. J. Field Ornithol. 66(1):128-132.

Fischer, D. L. 1988. First records of the Glaucous-winged Gull in Utah. Great Bas. Nat. 48(2):298-300.

Fitch, M. A. and G. W. Shugart. 1983. Comparative biology and behavior of monogamous pairs and one male-two female trios of Herring Gulls. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 14:1-7.

Fjeldså, J. 1977. Guide to the young of European precocial birds. Skarv Nature Publ. Tisvildeleje, Denmark.

Fox, G. A. 1990. Epidemiological and pathobiological evidence of contaminant induced alterations in sexual development in free-living wildlife. Pages 147 in Chemically-induced alterations in sexual and functional development: the wildlife/human connection. Vol. 21 (Colborn, T. and C. Clement, Eds.) Adv. Modern Environ. Toxicol.

Fox, G. A., L. J. Allan, D. V. Weseloh, and P. Mineau. 1990. The diet of Herring Gulls during the nesting period in Canadian waters of the Great Lakes. Can. J. Zool. 68:1075-1085.

Fry, D. M., C. K. Toone, S. M. Speich, and R. J. Peard. 1987. Sex ratio skew and breeding patterns of gulls: demographic and toxicological considerations. Stud. Avian Biol. 10:26-43.

Ginn, H. B. and D. S. Melville. 1983. Moult in birds. British Trust for Ornithology, Tring, UK.

Good, T. P. 1992a. Experimental assessment of gull predation on the Jonah crab Cancer borealis (Stimpson) in New England rocky intertidal and shallow subtidal zones. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 157:275-284.

Good, T. P. 1992b. Herring Gulls Larus argentatus and Great Black-backed Gulls Larus marinus as rocky-shore predators: patterns and implications for intertidal communities. Master's Thesis. Univ. New Hampshire, Durham.

Gotmark, F. 1989. Costs and benefits to eiders nesting in gull colonies: a field experiment. Ornis Scand. 20:283-288.

Graham, J. F. 1975. Gulls, a social history. Random House, New York.

Grant, P. J. 1986. Gulls: a guide to identification. 2nd ed. Buteo Books, Vermillion, SD.

Graves, J. S. and A. Whiten. 1980. Adoption of strange chicks by Herring Gulls. Z. Tierpsychol. 54:267-278.

Hand, J. L. 1979. Vocal communication in the Western Gull. Phd Thesis. Univ. California, Los Angeles.

Hand, J. L. 1985. Egalitarian resolution of social conflicts: a study of pair-bonded gulls in nest duty and feeding contexts. Z. Tierpsychol. 70:123-147.

Hario, M., M. Kilpi, and K. Selin. 1991. Parental investment by the sexes in the Herring Gull: the use of energy reserves during early breeding. Ornis Scand. 22:308-312.

Harris, M. P. 1971. Ecological adaptations of moult in some British Gulls. Bird Study 18:113-118.

Harrison, C. 1978. A field guide to the nests, eggs and nestlings of North American birds. William Collins & Sons, Glasgow.

Harrison, P. 1983. Seabirds, an identification guide. Houghton Mifflin Co. Boston.

Hebert, P. 1989. Decline of the Kent Island, NB, Herring Gull colony. Can. Field-Nat. 103:394-396.

Hoffman, W., D. Heinemann, and J. A. Wiens. 1981. The ecology of seabird feeding flocks in Alaska. Auk 98:437-456.

Holley, A. J. F. 1984. Adoption, parent-chick recognition, and maladaption in the Herring Gull Larus argentatus. Z. Tierpsychol. 64:9-14.

Houston, D. C., P. J. Jones, and R. M. Sibly. 1983. The effect of female body condition on egg-laying in Lesser Black-backed Gulls Larus fuscus. J. Zool. 200:509-520.

Humphrey, P. S. and K. C. Parkes. 1959. An approach to the study of molts and plumages. Auk 76:1-31.

Hunt, G. L. 1972. Influence of food distribution and human disturbance on the reproductive success of Herring Gulls. Ecology 53:1051-1061.

Kadlec, J. A. 1976. A re-evaluation of mortality rates in adult Herring Gulls. Bird Banding 47:507-520.

Kadlec, J. A. and W. H. Drury. 1968. Structure of the New England Herring Gull population. Ecology 49:222-233.

Lustick, S., M. Adam, and A. Hinko. 1980. Interaction between posture, color, and the radiative heat load in birds. Science 208:1052-1053.

Lustick, S., B. Battersby, and M. Kelty. 1978. Behavioral thermoregulation: orientation toward the sun in Herring Gulls. Science 200:81-83.

Macroberts, M. H. 1973. Extramarital courting in Lesser Black-backed and Herring gulls. Z. Tierpsychol. 32:62-74.

Malez-Bacic, V. 1983. The Holocene avifauna of the Markova Cave on the island of Huar (Yugoslavia). Larus 31/32:163-184.

Mcgill-Harelstad, P. A. 1985. Mechanisms and consequences of interspecific interactions among gulls. Phd Thesis. Cornell Univ. Ithaca, NY.

Monaghan, P. and N. Duncan. 1979. Plumage variation of known-age Herring Gulls. Br. Birds 72:100-103.

Moore, F. R. 1976. The dynamics of seasonal distribution of Great Lakes Herring Gulls. Bird Banding 47:141-159.

Morris, R. D. 1987. Time-partitioning of clutch and brood care activities in Herring Gulls: a measure of parental quality? Stud. Avian Biol. 10:68-74.

Morris, R. D. and M. J. Bidochka. 1983. Mate-guarding in Herring Gulls. Colon. Waterbirds 5:124-130.

Morris, R. D. and J. W. Chardine. 1985. The effects of ice cover over the colony site on reproductive activities in Herring Gulls. Can. J. Zool. 63:607-611.

Moynihan, M. 1955. Some aspects of the reproductive behaviour in the Black-headed Gull (Larus ridibundus ridibundus L.) and related species. Behaviour Suppl. 4.

Moynihan, M. 1958. Notes on the behaviour of some North American gulls. II: Non-aerial hostile behaviour of adults. Behaviour 12:95-182.

Nettleship, D. N. 1972. Breeding success of the Common Puffin (Fratercula arctica L.) on different habitats at Great Island, Newfoundland. Ecol. Monogr. 42:239-268.

Newton, I. 1989. Lifetime reproduction in birds. Academic Press, London.

Noordhuis, R. and A. L. Spaans. 1992. Interspecific competition for food between Herring and Lesser Black-backed gulls in the Dutch Wadden Sea. Ardea 80:115-132.

Norstrom, R. J., T. P. Clark, J. P. Kearney, and A. P. Gilman. 1986. Herring Gull energy requirements and body constituents in the Great Lakes. Ardea 74(1):1-23.

Olson, S. L. 1985. The fossil record of birds. Pages 79-239 in Avian biology. Vol. 8 (Farner, D. S., J. R. King, and K. C. Parkes, Eds.) Academic Press, New York.

Palmer, R. S. 1949. Maine birds. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. vol. 102.

Paludan, K. 1951. Contributions to the breeding biology of Larus argentatusand L. fuscus. Vidensk. Medd. fra Dansk naturh. Foren. 114:1-128.

Panov, E. N. 1989. Natural hybridization and ethological isolation in birds. M. Nauka, Moscow.

Parsons, J. 1971. Cannibalism in the Herring Gull. Br. Birds 64:528-537.

Parsons, J. 1975. Asynchronous hatching and chick mortality in the Herring Gull. Ibis 117:517-520.

Patten, S. M. 1980. Interbeeding and evolution in the Larus glaucescens- Larus argentatus complex of the south coast of Alaska. Phd Thesis. John's Hopkins Univ. Baltimore, MD.

Paynter, R. A. 1966. A new attempt to construct life tables for Kent Island Herring Gulls. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. 133:491-528.

Pierotti, R. 1980. Spite and altruism in gulls. Am. Nat. 115:290-300.

Pierotti, R. 1981. Male and female parental roles in different environments in the Western Gull. Auk 109:132-147.

Pierotti, R. 1982. Habitat selection and its effect on reproductive output in the Herring Gull in Newfoundland. Ecology 63:854-868.

Pierotti, R. 1983. Gull-puffin interactions on Great Island, Newfoundland. Biol. Conserv. 26:1-14.

Pierotti, R. 1987a. Behavioral consequences of habitat selection in the Herring Gull. Stud. Avian Biol. 10:119-128.

Pierotti, R. 1987b. Isolating mechanisms in seabirds. Evolution 41:559-570.

Pierotti, R. 1988. Associations between marine birds and mammals in the Northwest Atlantic Ocean. Pages 31-58 in Seabirds and other marine vertebrates. (Burger, J., Ed.) Columbia Univ. Press, New York.

Pierotti, R. 1991. Adoption vs. infanticide: an intergenerational conflict in birds and mammals. Am. Nat. 138:1140-1158.

Pierotti, R. and C. A. Annett. 1987. Reproductive consequences of dietary specialization and switching in an ecological generalist. Pages 417-441 in Foraging behavior. (Kamil, A. C., J. Krebs, and H. R. Pulliam, Eds.) Plenum Publishing, New York.

Pierotti, R. and C. A. Annett. 1990. Diet and reproductive output in seabirds. BioScience 40(8):568-574.

Pierotti, R. and C. A. Annett. 1991. Diet choice in the Herring Gull: constraints imposed by reproductive and ecological factors. Ecology 72(1):319-328.

Pierotti, R. J. 1979. The reproductive behaviour and ecology of the Herring Gull in Newfoundland. Phd Thesis. Dalhousie Univ. Halifax, Nova Scotia.

Pierotti, R. J. and E. C. Murphy. 1987. Intergenerational conflicts in gulls. Anim. Behav. 35:435-444.

Plotz, J. 1980. Parasitic nematode infection in Herring Gulls from Helgoland. Angew. Ornithol. 5:195-200.

Pons, J. M. 1992. Effects of changes in the availability of human refuse on breeding parameters in a Herring Gull Larus argentatus population in Brittany, France. Ardea 80:143-150.

Poor, H. H. 1946. Plumage and soft-part variations in the Herring Gull. Auk 63:135-151.

Powers, K. D. 1983. Pelagic distributions of marine birds off the northeastern United States. Technical Memorandum NMFS-F/NEC-27. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.

Rice, J. 1985. Interactions of variation in food supply and kleptoparasitism levels on the reproductive success of Common Puffins (Fratercula arctica). Can. J. Zool. 63:2743-2747.

Root, T. 1988. Atlas of wintering North American birds: an analysis of Christmas Bird Count data. Univ. Chicago Press, Chicago, IL.

Ross, C. C. 1963. Albinism among North American birds. Cassinia 47:2-21.

Schmidt-Nielsen, K. 1983. Animal physiology: adaptation and environment. 3rd ed. Cambridge Univ. Press, New York.

Shugart, G. W. 1980. Frequency and distribution of polygyny in Great Lakes Herring Gulls in 1978. Condor 82:426-429.

Snell, R. R. 1991. Interspecific allozyme differentiation among North Atlantic white headed larids. Auk 108:319-328.

Spaans, A. L. 1971. On the feeding ecology of the Herring Gull in the northern part of the Netherlands. Ardea 59:73-188.

Spear, L. B. 1987. Hybridization of Glaucous and Herring gulls at the Mackenzie Delta, Canada. Auk 104:123-125.

Terres, J. K. 1980. The Audubon Society encyclopedia of North American birds. Alfred A. Knopf, New York.

Tinbergen, N. 1959. Comparative studies of the behavior of gulls (Laridae): a progress report. Behaviour 15:1-70.

Tinbergen, N. 1960. The Herring Gull's world. 2nd ed. Basic Books, New York.

Urban, E. K., C. H. Fry, and S. Keith. 1986. The birds of Africa. Vol. 2. Academic Press, New York.

Vauk, G., E. Vauk-Hentzelt, and M. Stede. 1980. Two records of avian tuberculosis in free-living Herring Gulls. Angew. Ornithol. 5:190-194.

Verbeek, N. A. M. 1977. Timing of primary moult in adult Herring Gulls and Lesser Black-backed Gulls. J. Ornithol. 118:87-92.

Vermeer, K. 1973. Food habits and breeding range of Herring Gulls in the Canadian prairie provinces. Condor 75:478-480.

Walters, J. 1978. The primary moult in four gull species near Amsterdam. Ardea 66:32-47.

Weseloh, D., V. P. Mineau, and D. J. Hallet. 1979. Organochlorine contaminants and trends in reproduction in Great Lakes Herring Gulls. Trans. N. Am. Wild. Nat. Res. Conf. 44:543-557.

Wink, M., U. Kahl, and P. Heidrich. 1994. Genetic distinction of Larus argentatus, L. fuscus, and L. cachinnans. J. F. Ornithologie 135:73-80.