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Measurements
Sexual Dimorphism
Males and females differ significantly (p < 0.0001) in all linear measurements and body weight (M. Gochfeld and J. Weske unpubl. data) (see Appendices 2 and 3).
Bill Length
Unfortunately, 3 bill measurements may be reported in the literature. Culmen is the distance from the frontal feathering on the bill to the tip of the maxilla. Others measure from the frontal feathering to the tip of the lower mandible. Most bill measurements are from the anterior angle of the nostril to the tip of the lower mandible. Latter is recommended.
Gochfeld, Michael and Joanna Burger. 1994. Black Skimmer (Rynchops niger), The Birds of North America Online (A. Poole, Ed.). Ithaca: Cornell Lab of Ornithology; Retrieved from the Birds of North America Online: http://bna.birds.cornell.edu/bna/species/108
