Sounds

Development

Young call in egg 2 d before they hatch (EN). Young give quiet Peep Call prior to fledging. After fledging, they begin to repeat Kleep Call occasionally, and dissyllabic klee-eep only when parents arrive with food or when being handled.

Vocal Array

Voice and calls very similar to those of H. l. ater . Sonographs in Miller and Baker (1980); also Figure 3 . Ground calls variable from single to bi-peaked and compound-repetitive forms (Miller and Baker 1980). Hueep Calls—long, with a gentle rise, are associated with flight (Miller and Baker 1980).

General Contact Call . Both sexes give a loud kleep or peep, which varies with context, often repeated continuously. Usually monosyllabic. Dissyllabic klee-eep given occasionally.

Pairing Call. Both sexes give a long drawn out version of Peep Call during ground courtship (particularly when no others are present).

Piping Call. Used by both sexes during aerial and ground courtship and territorial displays (see Behavior). Piping begins with rapid, brief calls that become progressively longer (Miller and Baker 1980). Brief Piping Calls show sudden changes in frequency similar to those of the aberrant H. leucopodus of Patagonia (Miller and Baker 1980). Many calls from Piping series are very similar to Alarm Calls (Miller and Baker 1980), and Piping may be a highly ritualized form of these calls in its rapid delivery, rhythm, and strong grading across adjacent elements (Miller and Baker 1980).

Alarm Call. Adults defending nest sites with eggs or just prior to laying, will often give single-note pip or wip distress call (“ground call” of Miller and Baker 1980) when flying around intruder or trying to lure intruder away from nest site. Rate of calling increasing with intruder’s proximity to nest. Distress call of adults defending chicks consists of a multiple-note whinny of rapid peep notes, descending in pitch at end.

See above.

Not known to produce these.